How to grow champignons on an industrial scale

Champignons grow naturally in open forest glades, meadows and open fields. This is one of the few mushrooms that can be cultivated under artificial conditions.

The main consumer qualities of champignons

These mushrooms contain a variety of useful elements necessary for the human body, namely hydrocarbons, fats, vitamins, mineral and nitrogenous substances, proteins, more than 20 types of amino acids. Also, the presence of compounds of iron, phosphorus, zinc and potassium has a positive effect on the body's immunity. The quantitative ratio of phosphorus in this mushroom species is comparable to that of seafood.

This kind of product recommended for people on diets... Despite the low calorie content and due to the high-quality composition of the mushroom, the body receives all the necessary proteins, fats, carbohydrates and vitamins.

For diabetics, champignons are one of the products that can be used in dietary nutrition due to the fact that it contains practically no sugar.

The positive effect of this product on the human body is achieved due to the presence of vitamin components, namely riboflavin (B2) and thiamine, which help prevent the development of migraines, and amino acids help relieve fatigue and improve the appearance of the human skin.

In dried form, this mushroom is recommended to be used for various diseases of the liver and gastrointestinal tract. Champignon also has excellent taste.

What is required to grow mushrooms as a business

When drawing up a business plan, one should take into account sanitary norms and rules, as well as be guided by the recommendations of the Ministry of Agriculture of the Russian Federation for the design of complexes for growing champignons.

Premises

To organize a mushroom business, initially decide on the volumes planned for cultivation for subsequent sale. For example, to receive from 2 to 3 tons of products, a room with an area of ​​about 100 square meters is required.

There are several options:

• purchase of a land plot and construction of a new premises;
• purchase of premises already used for production purposes;
• rent of a suitable room.

It is rather difficult to say which of the options is preferable, since an important role is played by the region in which the decision was made to organize a business on the cultivation of champignons. Since the cost of land and buildings is determined based on the economic indicators of a particular region.

Pay attention to the condition of the structure and the necessary financial investments in it; in some situations, building from scratch is cheaper than carrying out repair work. And rent can be beneficial to those who do not have significant funds at the initial stage.

Mycelium

The next item of expenses is the acquisition of soil with pores of mushrooms (mycelium). Do not look for dubious options, pay attention to companies that have been working in the field of selling this type of soil for more than one year and have positive feedback from customers who have used their services.

After all the preparatory work and planting the mycelium, you will see the first fruits of your labors in a month and a half, the next 2-3 months you need to take care of the mushrooms. Harvesting takes place in several stages (from 3 to 6) over several months. Basically, the most significant harvests (about 70%) are harvested 2 and 3 times.

If you approach mushroom cultivation as a business correctly, you can get profit after the first full harvest.

Fundamentals of the technology of growing these mushrooms

When growing mushrooms for personal consumption, you can use a low-cost technology - growing mushrooms in the beds. With this method, the entire process of leaving from planting to harvesting is carried out manually, so it is not suitable for running a business.

The main technological method used for growing large volumes, simplifying the process of caring for mushrooms, is based on growing mushrooms in bags or wooden boxes. This technology allows the most efficient use of the volume of the room and allows you to equip the room with automated control systems over the growing process.

Technologies for the production of mushrooms in bags, on racks, containers are intended for large producers and require significant financial investments, therefore they are not always suitable for small farms.

For small farm premises, a container system is more suitable, when containers are arranged in 5 rows on moving racks, and the room is divided into several technological zones. Thus, the mushroom harvest increases up to 5 times during the year.

Conditions for growing mushrooms

At different stages of growth, mushrooms need to create different conditions of detention, namely:

• Watering is not required within a month after planting myceliums. It is necessary to maintain a constant humidity of about 90%. The temperature regime should be within 25 ° С - 27 ° С. Otherwise, the mycelium will die.

• After germination of myceliums, a layer of casing layer is laid and watered until wet (water should not collect on the surface and seep into the compost layer). This process is maintained throughout the entire fruiting period. In this case, the temperature regime should not be lower than 15 ° С and higher than 17 ° С. Air humidity is maintained at 80%.

At the fruiting stage, the air in the room must be cleaned of carbon dioxide. In this case, the ventilation system is adjusted in such a way that there is no air flow over the beds.

Basic requirements for premises

Failure to comply with the technological processes of growing mushrooms leads to loss of yield. Therefore, it is necessary to take into account all the requirements for the equipment of the premises. Consider a multi-zone system, since it is with it that many start their mushroom business.

The room should be divided into 4 zones:

• making compost;
• compost pasteurization;
• sowing and growing mycelium;
• growing the harvest of mushrooms.

If you intend to be engaged in mushroom production throughout the year, then your premises should be equipped with regulated heating, cooling, water supply and sewerage systems.

Indoor compost fermentation temperature regime should not fluctuate more than 12-16 ° C heat. The ventilation system must cope with the purification of the air space from ammonia vapors released during compost fermentation processes. For the production of 1 ton of compost, a room of 20 m² is required.

Separately from the rest of the zones, or better in a room with a separate entrance, a sealed chamber is installed for compost pasteurization.Often, such a camera is equipped independently, since the purchase of special equipment will cost an amount comparable to investing in a new small business.

In the zone for sowing and growing mycelium, the temperature regime is maintained at + 24-26 ° C, the air humidity should correspond to 95-100%. The presence of a powerful ventilation system is imperative.

Compliance with the rules for equipping the premises in the area for removing mushroom fruits does not differ from the premises for growing mycelium. The only nuance lies in the temperature, which must be maintained within + 14-16 ° C, and the humidity is 80%.

What mycelium to use and where to get it

There are two types of mycelium, grain and compost mycelium. Both types give good mushroom harvest, but grain is still better.

Entrepreneurs should start their mushroom growing business with the use of compost mycelium, since this species is more resistant to disturbances in storage, transportation and is not afraid of rodents, in contrast to the grain species.

When the technological processes are established and the entrepreneur acquires practical skills in the production of mushrooms, then you can proceed to the use of grain mycelium, which gives a more significant yield.

If you plan to make a profit solely from the sale of the finished product (mushrooms), then the creation of mycelium (mycelium) is irrelevant. This is a rather complex process that requires specialized equipment and experience. The mycelium can be purchased from farms or breeding centers focused on the production of mycelium.

Basic requirements for compost

The basis for the preparation of compost for growing mushrooms is horse manure. The value of this type of manure lies in its properties, such as:

• significant presence of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium compounds in suitable proportions for growing mushrooms.
• horse manure refers to organic fertilizers containing trace elements such as copper, manganese, zinc, boron, nickel, etc.

Due to the obvious shortage of horse manure, it is replaced with cow manure. This manure has the distinctive ability of self-heating, thereby creating an environment for the reproduction of favorable microflora.

At present, the technology for preparing a mushroom substrate has been worked out both with the use of horse (cow) manure and without its participation. It all depends on the original components taken, and compliance with the following requirements for its composition:

• the presence of nutrients should correspond to the following percentages to the dry matter mass: 1.6-1.8% - nitrogen, 1.0% - phosphorus, 1.5% - potassium;
• the moisture content of the directly compostable mass must correspond to 70-72%, the temperature of the compost being prepared is maintained within 60-65 ° C.

During fermentation, the substrate is enriched with components that are necessary for the production of mushrooms. Special attention should be paid to nitrogen content of compost, since this is the basis for the passage of a qualitative process of substrate humus.

For the technological preparation of compost, the main thing is to observe the main three stages:

• thorough mixing and moistening of all components;
• fermentation of the substrate in containers;
• maintaining the thermal regime.

What documents and certificates will be required to issue

To run a business legally, you need to register your activity. In this case, it will be the production of crops and the sale (wholesale, retail) of food products without providing a permanent place of sale.

It will be required to obtain a certificate on the examination of the premises for the state of the radiation background carried out by specialists of the phytosanitary service.

After harvesting, in order to sell it, you must contact the phytosanitary service. After analyzing the products for compliance with the norms for admitting the goods for sale, you will be given a quality certificate.

The quality certificate indicates its validity period. When submitting an application for obtaining a permit for the sale of products, indicate the timeframe planned for growing mushrooms before replacing the compost (the quality certificate is considered valid for the sale of mushroom products grown using one compost).

Realization of champignons

It is possible to sell the manufactured products independently on the food markets. This option is suitable for a small amount of cultivated mushrooms, it takes a lot of time.

Conclude contracts for the supply of products with shops, restaurants, hand over for sale. In this case, you need to take care of the delivery of the mushrooms to the destination.

Selling products in bulk, the price category will be an order of magnitude lower, but at the same time you will save time and will not be limited in sales volumes.

Estimated estimated profitability of a mushroom growing business

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Consider the costs and benefits of a mushroom farm producing champignons based on one growing cycle of 2 months.

Costs

For the production of 30 tons of compost, it is necessary to purchase the appropriate components for the amount of 20,000 rubles. Mycelium will cost 10,000 rubles. The expenditure component for heating and pasteurization is 50,000 rubles. Payment of wages is about 60,000 rubles. Total 140,000 rubles.

Income

Thirty tons of compost raw materials gives 6 tons of finished products. On average, the cost of 1 kg of champignons is 100 rubles, respectively, for 6 tons you will receive approximately 600 thousand rubles.

Accordingly, the estimated profit will be 600 - 140 = 460.00 thousand rubles.

We do not forget about the initial expenses for premises, equipment and other related expenses, therefore, when organizing a mushroom farming farm, expect to receive the first "net" profit no earlier than in a year and only if your business will work using the existing resources are maximally correct.

Above is the calculation for an average farm.

If you have the intentions and the appropriate conditions, then you can grow mushrooms in the country, in a greenhouse or in the basement of your house. Then the costs will be much lower and the profitability of the business can be increased. However, in this case, we can only talk about growing mushrooms at home, which is far from industrial scale.

Video: growing mushrooms on an industrial scale and the equipment used:

Among all types of agricultural business, mushroom breeding is one of the most profitable. Champignons are popular mushrooms, and their consumption in Russia is constantly growing. This type of business is unpretentious and can bring year-round profits. In addition, not so much investment is required to get started.

Features and benefits of a mushroom growing business

Advantages:

• fast payback;
• high productivity;
• constant income all year round;
• suitable for residents of both cities and villages;
• uncomplicated farming system;
• the possibility of using a simplified taxation system;
• a mini-farm can be organized anywhere: in the basement, garage, etc. utility room;
• affordable purchase of raw materials;
• establishing stable trade routes.

The features of this business, despite the numerous advantages, are still present. They are as follows:

1. In the process, manual labor must be involved.
2. If you want to automate the process, you will need expensive equipment.
3. It is very difficult to carry out high-quality cleaning, which can lead to contamination of the soil and compost, as well as the subsequent batch of mushrooms.

Creating the necessary sanitation and maintaining cleanliness is the key to a good harvest

Growing other mushrooms

Oyster mushroom is another equally attractive mushroom besides champignons. This type of mushroom has been gaining immense popularity lately. And, as you know, demand generates supply. Growing oyster mushrooms is also not a bad business.

Oyster mushroom is a very unpretentious mushroom. Its cultivation does not require constant participation and care. The time between sowing and harvesting is no more than six weeks. And from an area of ​​25 square meters, up to 1 ton of crops can be harvested per year.

As for the cons, the most important thing here is the initial painstaking approach. It is necessary to organize everything very carefully at the first stage, since the entire subsequent business depends on it. Another risk can be considered the possibility of contamination of the crop with parasites or diseases, which leads to its death.

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The profitability of this type of activity is quite highsince oyster mushroom is considered an exotic mushroom and the demand for it is great. With the right organization of this business, it will bring a good income. And most importantly, in addition to growing mushrooms, you can also do other work, because mushrooms do not take much time.

Analysis of the industry and trends in its development

Mushroom growing is a fairly young, but very dynamically developing branch of agriculture. Recently, the main place among the suppliers of the country's mushroom market was occupied by imported producers. Currently, in the context of comprehensive import substitution, this industry has excellent prospects for development.

The state provides comprehensive support for the development of agricultural sectors.

Mushrooms cultivated in agriculture are considered safe and healthy food. As for their taste, they are often equated with meat. The progressive growth rate of mushroom consumption in Russia indicates that the potential capacity of this market is very large and it is still far from saturation.

Target market analysis

Mushrooms are recommended for all people, especially those who need to follow a low calorie diet. A detailed analysis of the target market implies dividing it into groups according to various criteria: age, income level, gender, type of activity, etc. In this case, division into categories is not required, since mushrooms, due to their properties, are suitable for feeding any category of people.

Competition assessment

Until recently, the main competitors in the field of selling mushrooms for domestic farmers were foreign suppliers, namely: Poland, China, Belarus. Currently, the situation has changed radically, and although Polish products are still breaking through to the domestic market, Russian producers now have the opportunity to develop their mushroom farms.

In Russia, mushroom farming is a fairly free niche, so the competition is low here. Every novice mushroom grower has a potential chance to find his own distribution channel.

Currently, the country has a favorable microclimate for the development of the mushroom growing industry.

Potential risks

As with any type of business, there are risks. First of all, especially for beginners, without proper experience, you should not deploy large plantations. Overestimating your capabilities, there is a risk of not being able to cope with the task and simply ruining all production.

As in any plant growing, in mushroom cultivation there is always there is a risk of bacteria or disease affecting crops... To prevent this, it is necessary to carefully prepare the growing conditions and maintain the necessary conditions in the nursery.

Although mushroom cultivation is in demand, one should not neglect the analysis of the sales market here either.The demand for champignons is high, but, for example, in rural areas far from city life, this product may not find its buyer.

Before starting a business, you must carefully analyze all possible risks and insure yourself against them as much as possible.

Profitability of a mushroom growing business

The profitability of this type of business for different farmers ranges from 30 to 50%.

The differences are due to the difference in the microclimatic conditions of the premises, the scale of production, the costs of material and labor resources, energy costs and transport costs.

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Calculating the approximate costs of starting a business

Costs will depend on the size of the plantation and the cultivation technology. You can make approximate calculations based on the necessary materials for each technology.

From sowing the mycelium to harvesting the mushrooms, it takes approximately 8-10 weeks. This counts as one cycle. The approximate costs for this period when growing in briquettes and using manual labor are 120 thousand rubles:

• purchase of 30 tons of compost - 30 thousand rubles;
• salary of 4 employees - 60 thousand rubles;
• rental of premises and other expenses - an indicator that depends on different conditions. Let's take the approximate cost of one cycle - 30 thousand rubles.

If we take the ideal conditions under which you can get 20% of the crop from the mass of the available material, as well as sell it in full at an average market value of 100 rubles / kg, then we get about 600 thousand rubles. in one production cycle... This will be revenue without deducting taxes and production costs.

If we take into account the costs, then the net profit for one cycle for the selected volume of production will be approximately 480 thousand rubles. Even these rather rough estimates show that this type of business is highly profitable and profitable.

How to start production?

An overview of modern manufacturing in this video:

First you need to acquire soil with mycelium (mycelium). This moment is fundamental and will subsequently affect the profitability of the business. You should not save here. It is best to purchase blanks from reliable mushroom farms or trusted companies.

You should also find a suitable room. There are no particularly strict requirements here. Depending on the desired scale of production, you can rent any large room (an empty vegetable base, for example) or use your basement. When arranging a room, constant lighting, thermoregulation, ventilation and irrigation should be organized.

Good conditions are an important part of the future harvest!

A multicomponent compost is used as a soil, which includes: ground straw, chicken droppings, soil and mineral additives. Many experienced growers prepare the compost themselves.

This requires a special technique. It is better for novice businessmen to purchase ready-made soil. Without experience, you can violate the composting technology. This will lead to slow crop growth and loss of profits.

When growing mushrooms for sale, it is necessary to arrange the farm properly. The design of individual entrepreneurship will be optimal.

To sell products, you must have:

1. Sanitary Service Certificate.
2. Declaration of Conformity.
3. Radiological research protocol.
4. Guidelines for the storage and transportation of fresh mushroom products.

It is advisable to think over the distribution channels in advance. This can be self-realization on the market, sales to wholesalers, sales to supermarkets and restaurants. When planning this type of business, you should decide on the technology for growing the crops themselves. There are several options:

1. In the beds - the oldest and least expensive method.You need a film and the primer itself, which is laid out on the film. There is a high risk of bacteria being attacked by fungi due to the inability to carry out proper cleaning.
2. Briquettes - a more modern method. The mixture is placed in briquettes and pressed lightly. These blocks are easy to move and transport.
3. Containers - the soil is placed in special containers made of plastic or wood. With this method, the risk of fungal infection is reduced, and the process itself is simplified. The cost of purchasing containers is high here.
4. On shelves - saving space, easy access to the crops themselves.
5. In bags - the substrate is placed in bags, holes are made for myceliums and the bags are suspended. Minimal risk of contamination, optimal use of space.
6. Automated lines - expensive equipment that can replace manual labor; suitable for very large production volumes.

The financial component when starting a business directly depends on the method and scale of production. When growing at home, it is better to refuse to rent premises and expensive equipment. This will cut costs.

Breeding champignons is a profitable business that can become both an additional income and the main highly profitable business. A correct and consistent approach to business will be a guarantee of the success of your endeavor. Have a nice harvest!

Champignons are elite mushrooms, a delicacy that is now freely available in grocery stores and markets. The combination of nutritional, gustatory and culinary properties determines its belonging to the II category of mushrooms (the first category is porcini mushroom, milk mushrooms, mushrooms, chanterelles).

Cultivated strains of double-peeled champignon: Agaricus bisporus USA 1, A-15, 273 (royal - brown), 130.

Biological features of the genus Agaricus:

• Where they grow (depending on the species): forest, open places with grassy vegetation, desert areas;
• What they eat: organo-mineral substances of forest humus, rotted manure or compost;
• How long mycelium lives: in natural conditions - 8-10 years, on an artificial substrate - up to 5 years;
• Light requirements: grow in nature in shaded areas, indoors - do not require lighting;
• How it bears fruit: in nature, fruiting bodies are formed from May to October, on a mushroom farm - all year round;
• Culinary specialties: mushrooms are fragrant, nutritious, suitable for fresh consumption.

Industrial cultivation of champignons is carried out using a multi-zone or single-zone technology, each of which has its own advantages (as in the cultivation of oyster mushrooms). In the open ground and in greenhouses, mushrooms are grown on well-equipped ridges; in aboveground and underground premises, shelving or container structures are used. An advanced solution - mechanized racks with trolleys - such an arrangement facilitates and speeds up the maintenance of mushrooms. The substrate for mushrooms is placed in wooden boxes, plastic or metal containers, plastic bags.

Cultivation of mushrooms in bags is a versatile method that can be adapted and adjusted for different cultivation conditions.

Benefits of using PET bags:

• Low cost;
• Ease of use - lightweight, comfortable, compact;
• Reduce labor costs and funds for the removal of waste substrate and treatment of the premises between cycles;
• They are used for growing mushrooms in the country, in the basement, on specialized mushroom farms.

Let's take a closer look at the rack technology for growing mushrooms, the provisions of which are relevant for implementation at home.

Cultivation of champignons: basic questions

Where to grow champignons?

Hangars, cellars, empty food storage facilities are used as premises for growing mushrooms.Preparatory work for the arrangement of the premises includes repairs, disinfection and equipment. In order to prevent the development of fungal and bacterial diseases, finishing materials are carefully selected: the floor is poured with concrete, the walls are covered with plaster and treated with lime, metal and wooden elements are painted over with persistent paints.

Shelving design features:

• materials: metal corners and pipes with a thickness of ≥3 mm; flat slate plates are used as a platform for placing bags. To increase strength and stability, the structure is strengthened with stiffeners;
• the distance from the floor to the first shelf is not less than 30 cm, between the shelves - not less than 60 cm, from the top row to the ceiling - 80-100 cm. This ratio provides good air circulation, facilitates the care and harvesting of the crop.

The choice of equipment for a mushroom farm is determined by the scale of production and the financial capabilities of the entrepreneur. More information about the equipment for growing mushrooms on this page: Overview of equipment for mushroom growing

Where to get the substrate?

Substrate for mushrooms - compost (best of all based on wheat straw and horse manure) can be prepared on your own or bought. A quick guide on how to make a compost for champignons with your own hands here: Types of substrate for growing mushrooms

Optimum parameters of the finished substrate: humidity - 65-68%, pH 7.2 - 7.5 units. pH, content of total nitrogen (N) - 1.8-2.5%, amount of free ammonia (NH3) - 0.40-0.45%, carbohydrate content - ≤1% of dry matter weight.

Video "Making compost for mushrooms"

What is pasteurization for, how to carry it out?

The purpose of pasteurization is to activate biochemical processes in the compost, as a result of which the activity of beneficial microflora increases, excess ammonia is removed, glucose is released (the main food element of mushrooms), competitive and pathogenic organisms (mushroom mite, etc.) are neutralized.

Carrying out methods:

• In large-scale industries, large volumes of the nutrient medium are processed in special tunnels (chambers). Professional equipment automatically supplies steam, fresh air, unloads the finished product, sows and packs the micelated substrate;
• At low speeds or in the absence of special equipment, pasteurization is carried out in the main room, where the compost bags are placed in permanent places. With the help of heaters or steam generators, the mushroom is slowly heated (+ 2 ° C every hour) so that the substrate temperature inside the bags is at 58 ° C. At the same time, the temperature in the room will be lower - 40 - 45 ° C. Maintain this mode in within 12 hours, then gradually decrease by 2 ° С / hour. During pasteurization, monitor humidity, adjust ventilation to enhance or weaken the process.

When and how to sow mycelium?

Sowing of the mycelium preheated at room temperature (within 12-24 hours) is carried out in a pasteurized substrate with a temperature of not more than 30 ° C. Methods of mycelium are associated with the pasteurization technique - in bulk or in packaged form. The consumption of grain mycelium depends on the strain of the fungus and the manufacturer: domestic product - 75-85 ml per 10 kg of compost (optimized for moisture content), foreign elite strains - 25-30 ml.

Sowing technique in bags:

• loosen the top half of the contents of the package;
• spread the mycelium evenly;
• embedded in the substrate to a depth of about 10 cm;
• align and lightly press down the surface of the bag;
• cover the package and leave to overgrow;
• create an optimal temperature regime - 23-24 ° С in the compost.

Video “Growing champignons at home. Sowing mycelium. "

What is a cover soil (gobbing) for?

The functions of the casing layer (CSP): stimulation of the formation of fruit bodies, preservation of the moisture content of the compost, improvement of gas exchange.The main types are peat or high-quality soil, optimized in composition.

PP quality requirements:

• pH - 7.4-7.6 units. NS;
• lack of salinity and disease-causing organisms;
• the presence of useful microflora;
• favorable mechanical composition (the soil provides air access, does not stain the fruit bodies).

PP is poured into bags in a wet state 10 days after sowing the mycelium with a layer of 3 cm. Complete overgrowth of the substrate occurs in 20-25 days.

Loosening - to carry out or not?

Loosening of the surface of the nutrient medium is carried out after the complete overgrowing of the substrate in order to form separate ovaries of fungi (not connected to each other). In this case, it is possible to achieve good quality products, but the harvest appears 10-14 days later. If loosening is not carried out, the yield of the highest grade is less, but the number of fruiting cycles per year is greater.

When to water the mushrooms?

The first watering is carried out after the finishing to maintain the moisture content of the casing layer. At the time of the formation of the rudiments of the fruiting bodies, a break is taken until the size of mushroom caps reaches ≥1 cm.

Water consumption per 1 m2 of area for one watering according to the fruiting wave: I - 0.5-1 l, II - 3-4 l, III - 2-3 l. The frequency of watering is regulated by the degree of drying of the top layer, waterlogging and soaking of mycelium should not be allowed, watering is stopped 2 days before harvesting.

Video “Growing champignons at home. The appearance of fruiting bodies. "

What microclimate parameters contribute to fruiting?

Basic rules and patterns:

• Temperature shock stimulates the formation of ovaries (a sharp decrease to 15-16 ° C for two days);
• Favorable parameters for the growth of primordia are t = 16-18 ° C, humidity 85-88%;
• A new wave of fruiting is stimulated by the creation of conditions for the growth of mycelium (an increase in humidity and temperature by 2 units);
• The maximum yield is obtained during the first three waves of the formation of fruit bodies.

• Monthly profit (from): 2500 $
• Payback period (from): 12 months
• Starting capital (from): $ 25,000

Business relevance

The mushroom business is an actual type of commercial activity that does not require a lot of time and labor. Due to their excellent taste, champignons hold the record for popularity among other mushrooms. This niche is practically free from competitors, so entrepreneurs have every chance not only to succeed in this area, but also to set their own pricing policy here.

Useful properties of mushrooms

Champignons are one of the few varieties of mushrooms that can be grown in artificial conditions. They contain many vitamins, minerals and amino acids that are beneficial to human health.

The following types of champignons are well suited for cultivation:

• Hauser A15;
• Somicel 512, 608;
• Silvan 130.

Natural products are low in calories and practically do not contain sugar, therefore they are recommended for use by diabetics and people on a diet. Dried mushrooms have a beneficial effect on the digestive system, they can be eaten for diseases of the gastrointestinal tract or liver.

Stages of building a business

In order for entrepreneurial activity to bring regular profit in the future, it is necessary to first draw up a business plan for growing mushrooms.. It consists of several stages:

1. Registration of LLC or individual entrepreneur.
2. The choice of the form of taxation.
3. Purchase of mushroom mycelium. It can be ordered from farmers, specialized firms, at agricultural exhibitions or via the Internet.
4. Making compost. If businessmen do not have enough skills in this area, they need to decide where to buy compost. It is recommended to purchase products only from trusted people who make them according to all the rules.
5. Finding a suitable room.
6. Growing champignons.
7. Search for sales channels.
8. Sales of products.

Champignon cultivation technology

Before you start growing mushrooms, you need to prepare a substrate that contains nutrients. It is usually made from cow or horse dung, wheat and straw. The straw is filled with water, gypsum, superphosphate and urea are added to it, and then it is mixed with manure. A few weeks later, after the end of the decay process, the mixture is pasteurized at a temperature of 80 degrees. After preparing the compost, the mycelium is planted, and after two weeks the finished composition must be covered with a cover soil of chalk, peat and black soil.

Mushroom cultivation can be done in several ways:

• In briquettes. After pressing, the compost is placed in special briquettes. Such blocks are very convenient to use and transport, with their help you can significantly speed up and simplify the procedure for growing mushrooms.
• On the ridges. The mycelium can be planted in the ground, poured over the film. This method is considered one of the most difficult, as it involves manual labor .. However, it is suitable if you plan to first organize the production of products at home.
• On shelves. This method provides an opportunity to organize the space as rationally as possible.
• In boxes. Champignons can be grown in wooden containers treated with antifungal agents. This method greatly simplifies the production process, however, due to the high cost of packaging, it is rarely used in Russia.
• Compost can be grown in bags that can be placed anywhere. Thanks to this solution, it becomes possible to reduce financial costs, as well as more efficiently use the floor space.

The technology for growing mushrooms on an industrial scale involves the use of production lines that allow to fully automate all processes and eliminate the need for manual labor. Modern systems independently control the condition of the compost, loosen and moisturize the soil, and perform many other functions.

Financial calculations

To open an enterprise that manufactures products in large volumes, a fairly large start-up investment will be required:

• purchase of equipment - from 500,000 rubles;
• purchase of land and construction of structures on it - from 1,000,000 rubles.

In order to determine how high the profitability of the business will be, you need to calculate the financial costs and profits based on one production cycle that lasts two months.

Running costs

• raw materials for the manufacture of 30 tons of compost - from 20,000 rubles;
• mycelium - from 10,000 rubles;
• utility bills - from 50,000 rubles;
• staff salaries - from 60,000 rubles.

The price of mushrooms per kilogram is about 100 rubles. From 30 tons of compost, you can get 6,000 tons of mushrooms, respectively, the income for one cycle will be from 600,000 rubles. Subtracting current costs, the net profit from the sale of one crop will be from 460,000 rubles. Depending on the volume of production, the cycle can be repeated about 4 more times within 12 months, that is, approximately 1,840,000 rubles can be earned per year.

Total:

• Starting capital: 1,500,000;
• Monthly profit: from 150,000;
• Payback period: from 12 months.

Required documents

To open a business, you will need the following documents:

• declaration of conformity of products GOST R;
• instructions for the transportation and storage of mushrooms;
• a protocol confirming the radiological safety of mushrooms;
• phytosanitary certificate for products.

Requirements for premises

Compost must be produced in a room with an area of ​​at least 400 sq. m. In addition, you need to provide for 3 more zones:

• for compost pasteurization;
• for growing mycelium;
• for growing mushrooms.

The area of ​​each room should be 50 square meters. m.

If the production is organized in a private country house, mushrooms can be planted in the garage or in any utility rooms. It is important to remember that all zones must have a heating system, ventilation, sewerage and water supply.

Equipment

For the production of champignons, you will need the following equipment:

• mini tractor;
• steam boiler;
• racks;
• crushers;
• watering systems;
• containers.

Staff

For the successful implementation of the project, it is very important to find a qualified manager with extensive experience in this area. In addition, the state needs to hire:

• sales manager;
• accountant;
• several workers.

Sales

There are several ways to sell finished products:

• Sell ​​mushrooms on your own through outlets located in the markets. This option is suitable if the product will be sold in small quantities.
• Sale of champignons through a grocery supermarket chain.
• Selling large volumes of products through wholesale companies.

Potential risks

It should be borne in mind that there are certain risks in this business:

• the danger of fungi being damaged by bacteria or diseases, which is especially important if they are in the basement or in any other damp room;
• the risk of crop loss.

Growing mushrooms at home

 Growing champignons at home for beginners in this business will be the best solution. Production can be organized in a private house located in the suburbs, in the country or in an apartment. Of course, it will not be possible to produce products on an industrial scale, but on the other hand, novice entrepreneurs will be able to gain experience and study all the nuances of this activity.

The technology of growing mushrooms at home does not require any special professional skills. The mushroom containers can be installed in any utility room, for example, in the cellar. The main thing is to comply with all the necessary conditions and buy quality raw materials. If the area of ​​the site allows, mushrooms can be planted outside, in a greenhouse.

Date of publication:Growing