Sugar beets are grown in which natural zone

Determine in which natural zones sugar beets and sunflowers will be grown

In the steppe zone and in race and in ukraine

Mostly in the steppe zone. In particular, in Russia and Ukraine. Well, it can be in the forest-steppe.
or Regions of beet growing - Chernozem region, Krasnodar Territory, Volga region

The main and most favorable area for beet growing is the central black earth region. 51% of the sugar beet sown area is concentrated here. Their total territory is 167.7 thousand km2, it stretches from north to south for 500 km and from west to east for 600 km. The entire zone is divided into forest-steppe and steppe subzones. The largest part (83%) is the forest-steppe. It covers the Kursk, Lipetsk, Tambov, northwestern parts of the Belgorod and northern parts of the Voronezh regions. Steppe zone (17%) southeast of the Belgorod region and the south of the Voronezh region.

North Caucasian region.

Sugar beet crops in the regions of the North Caucasus occupy 160 thousand hectares (20% of the area in the Russian Federation). The Krasnodar Territory accounts for 80% of these areas.

The Volga region is the third in importance, on a vast territory of which there are 14 sugar factories with a total capacity of 44 thousand tons of cane processing per day. Sugar beet is sown in the zone on 180 thousand hectares, which is 22% of all sown areas of the Russian Federation. Most of the sugar beet crops are located in the Saratov and Samara regions

Where is sugar beet grown in Russia?

In Russia, sugar beets are grown on thousands of farms. About 30 regions are grown. True, this information is probably outdated because a real farming boom began in Russia last year. And a lot of people took up farming activities. For the region in which I am now (Tatarstan), rather its one district, I can say for sure. Quite a lot is grown in the Almetyevsk region. Even during harvesting, transportations are made at night in order to less interfere with the traffic of the dnm. The Internet is replete with news about Altai sugar beet. I know that sugar is being brought from Bashkiria, which means they definitely grow it there. And if not just for sugar, but for example for cattle, I think in all regions they grow at least for personal subsidiary plots.
in Soviet times, she herself was on a collective farm harvesting sugar beets, which means they are grown in the Volga region.
Russia is one of the leaders in the world production of sugar beet, yielding only a billion Chinese in yield, and the very process of producing sugar from this plant was also mastered for the first time in our country. Therefore, it is not surprising that there are a lot of beets in Russia. The annual yield of this root crop is about 30-50 million tons per year, depending on the season, fruitful-lean years. Most of the sugar beet in Russia is grown in the European part of Russia, in the Central Federal District, the regions of which account for more than half of all sugar beet grown in Russia.These are mainly Voronezh, Tambov, Kursk, Lipetsk and Belgorod regions. Sugar beet is grown, but in smaller volumes in the Volga Federal District and in the Southern Federal District - in the Republic of Tatarstan, the Penza Region and the Krasnodar Territory. There is very little sugar beet in the North Caucasian FD, mainly in the Stavropol Territory, and in the Siberian FD - this is the Altai Republic.

In the last two years, the Russian sugar beet complex has shown a pronounced growth dynamics, the maximum amount of sugar beet is grown in the Krasnodar Territory. 2016 became a record year in terms of the amount of collection in kind.

The main raw material for sugar production in Russia is sugar beet; its share has been over 90% since 2012. Import of raw cane sugar has a low share due to the state policy aimed at maintaining the sugar beet complex, as well as not at all small import duties. In this regard, it is more profitable to produce sugar from beets in Russia than from cane. We present a study reflecting the production of sugar beet in the Russian Federation.

How much sugar do Russians eat?

According to the Institute for Agricultural Market Studies (IKAR), Russia annually consumes about 5.5 million tons of sugar, which is an average of 36-40 kg per person. During the crisis, the consumption of this product in its pure form increases, while the demand for sweets and confectionery products decreases due to their high cost.

Figure 1. How many kilograms of sugar do Russians consume per year (data from 1990 to 2015).

So, in 1990, there was a record per capita consumption (47 kg per year), and the minimum amount was recorded in 1992 (30 kg.), In recent years (from 2011 to 2014, the amount of sugar consumed is 40 kg per year), and in 2015 - 39 kg, see fig. one.

Geography of production: where it is grown in Russia

Sugar beet production in Russia is carried out in more than 30 regions of the country, according to the Ministry of Agriculture at the end of October 2016, the structure of collection in percentage terms by regions of the country is shown in Fig. 2.

Rice. 2 Structure of sugar beet cultivation by regions of the Russian Federation (indicators at the end of October 2016)

The leader in percentage terms (18%) is the Krasnodar Territory, in physical terms at the end of October 2016 this indicator amounted to 7,528.7 thousand tons, it is 20.4% higher than in the previous year.

The second region in terms of percentage is the Kursk region. Table 1 shows the quantitative indicators of the 20 leading regions presented in the graph and the dynamics of the top ten leaders in cultivation compared to the previous year.

Krasnodar region	7 528,70	+20,4%
Kursk region	4 604,00	+32,7%
Voronezh	4 570,50	+38,5%
Lipetsk	4 285,90	+28,20%
Tambov	3 775,80	+7,50%
Belgorodskaya		+71,70%
Republic of Tatarstan	2 261,00	+26,50%
Orlovskaya	1 921,50	+25,20%
Penza	1 788,30	+29,50%
Stavropol region	1 592,70	+19,50%
Republic of Bashkortostan	1 288,90	—
Altai region	1 125,30	—
The Republic of Mordovia	1 052,00	—
Rostov region		—
Ulyanovsk region		—
Tula region		—
Ryazan Oblast		—
Saratov region		—
Nizhny Novgorod Region		—
Karachay-Cherkess Republic		—
Other regions		—

How much sugar beet is produced in Russia

In 2016, 1.11 million hectares of agricultural land were sown with sugar beet, which is 8% more than the sown area in 2015. To track the dynamics, consider how many centners are harvested per hectare, as well as how much the total production was from 2005 to 2015, see table 2.

Productivity (number of centners per hectare of harvested area)
Production (million tons)

According to the Ministry of Agriculture, at the end of October 2016 (at that moment, 83% of the total sown area was dug out), the amount of culture produced has already amounted to 41.755 million tons.

In 2015, as of the same date, 27.2% less was harvested, and in relation to all beets harvested in 2015, the figure in October 2016 is already 7% higher.

According to the preliminary results of Rosstat, in 2016 a total of 48.3 million tons were collected.beets grown by various agricultural producers, including peasant farms (PFs) and households, see table 3

Quantity in kind, million tons
In% to the total amount	100%	87,9%	11.9%	0,2%	—

This indicates a pronounced positive dynamics of production growth, as well as the yield of sugar beet in Russia over the past two years.

In 2016, an average of 460 centners of culture were harvested from one hectare of sown areas (according to Rosstat).

Yield growth and sugar production

On February 1, 2017, the All-Russian Agronomic Conference was held in Moscow. On it, Alexander Tkachev (the current Minister of Agriculture of the Russian Federation) made a statement that 2016 was a record year for Russia in the number of grown and harvested sugar beets. She was ahead of European countries: Germany, France, and the United States. Such a record harvest makes it possible to produce about 6 million tons of sugar, which will be an absolute achievement for the country. He also said that such a production volume would allow Russia for the first time to act as a major sugar supplier to the world market. The projected export volumes in 2017 are more than 200 thousand tons.

The productivity of the beet sugar complex in the Russian Federation has grown by almost 400% over two decades, sugar production exceeded 5.3 tons per hectare of crops in Russia, see Fig. 3.

Rice. 3 Sugar production in Russia per hectare of sugar beet crops, tons.

The graph shows the dynamics of sugar production from 1 hectare of crops in four macro-regions: Krasnodar, Belgorod-Voronezh, Ufa-Kazan, Altai Territory and in Russia as a whole. Krasnodar and Altai Territories beat a record (more than 6 tons) in the collection of crops from each hectare. The forecast of productivity for the next 3-5 years is about 7-8 tons of sugar per hectare.

Industry results and trends

The beet sugar complex in the Russian Federation has a pronounced growth dynamics in recent years;
In 2016, a record was recorded for the harvest of sugar beet;
The sugar market in the Russian Federation remains competitive: there are 33 independent producers (plant operators) in the country; independent producers working on terms of intermediation and tolling scheme, the number of which is in the hundreds; large wholesale traders, as well as the Belarusian Sugar Company and Rosrezerv.
In addition to sugar, Russia exports molasses and granulated beet pulp (by-products of sugar beet production).

Where is sugar beet grown in Russia?

In Russia, sugar beets are grown on thousands of farms. About 30 regions are grown. True, this information is probably outdated because a real farming boom began in Russia last year. And a lot of people took up farming activities. For the region in which I am now (Tatarstan), rather its one district, I can say for sure. Quite a lot is grown in the Almetyevsk region. Even during harvesting, transportations are made at night in order to less interfere with the traffic of the dnm. The Internet is replete with news about Altai sugar beet. I know they bring sugar from Bashkiria, which means they definitely grow it there. And if not just for sugar, but for example for cattle, I think in all regions they grow at least for personal subsidiary plots.
in Soviet times, she herself was on a collective farm harvesting sugar beets, which means they are grown in the Volga region.
Russia is one of the leaders in the world production of sugar beet, yielding only a billion Chinese in yield, and the very process of producing sugar from this plant was also mastered for the first time in our country. Therefore, it is not surprising that there are a lot of beets in Russia. The annual yield of this root crop is about 30-50 million tons per year, depending on the season, fruitful-lean years. Most of the sugar beet in Russia is grown in the European part of Russia, in the Central Federal District, the regions of which account for more than half of all sugar beet grown in Russia.These are mainly Voronezh, Tambov, Kursk, Lipetsk and Belgorod regions. Sugar beets are grown, but in smaller volumes in the Volga Federal District and in the Southern Federal District - in the Republic of Tatarstan, the Penza Region and the Krasnodar Territory. There is very little sugar beet in the North Caucasian FD, mainly in the Stavropol Territory, and in the Siberian FD - this is the Altai Republic.

How much sugar do Russians eat?

Figure 1. How many kilograms of sugar do Russians consume per year (data from 1990 to 2015).

Geography of production: where it is grown in Russia

Rice. 2 Structure of sugar beet cultivation by regions of the Russian Federation (indicators at the end of October 2016)

The leader in percentage terms (18%) is the Krasnodar Territory, in physical terms at the end of October 2016 this figure was 7,528.7 thousand tons, it is 20.4% higher than in the previous year.

Krasnodar region	7 528,70	+20,4%
Kursk region	4 604,00	+32,7%
Voronezh	4 570,50	+38,5%
Lipetsk	4 285,90	+28,20%
Tambov	3 775,80	+7,50%
Belgorodskaya		+71,70%
Republic of Tatarstan	2 261,00	+26,50%
Orlovskaya	1 921,50	+25,20%
Penza	1 788,30	+29,50%
Stavropol region	1 592,70	+19,50%
Republic of Bashkortostan	1 288,90	—
Altai region	1 125,30	—
The Republic of Mordovia	1 052,00	—
Rostov region		—
Ulyanovsk region		—
Tula region		—
Ryazan Oblast		—
Saratov region		—
Nizhny Novgorod Region		—
Karachay-Cherkess Republic		—
Other regions		—

How much sugar beet is produced in Russia

Productivity (number of centners per hectare of harvested area)
Production (million tons)

In 2015, as of the same date, 27.2% less was harvested, and in relation to all beets harvested in 2015, the figure in October 2016 is already 7% higher.

Quantity in kind, million tons
In% to the total amount	100%	87,9%	11.9%	0,2%	—

This indicates a pronounced positive dynamics of production growth, as well as the yield of sugar beet in Russia over the past two years.

In 2016, an average of 460 centners of culture were harvested from one hectare of sown areas (according to Rosstat).

Yield growth and sugar production

The productivity of the beet sugar complex in the Russian Federation has grown by almost 400% over two decades, sugar production exceeded 5.3 tons per hectare of crops in Russia, see Fig. 3.

Rice. 3 Sugar production in Russia per hectare of sugar beet crops, tons.

Industry results and trends

The beet sugar complex in the Russian Federation has a pronounced growth dynamics in recent years;
In 2016, a record was recorded for the harvest of sugar beet;
The sugar market in the Russian Federation remains competitive: there are 33 independent producers (plant operators) in the country; independent producers working on the terms of intermediation and tolling scheme, the number of which is in the hundreds; large wholesale traders, as well as the Belarusian Sugar Company and Rosrezerv.
In addition to sugar, Russia exports molasses and granulated beet pulp (by-products of sugar beet production).

Sugar beet in Russia is grown mainly as a raw material for the sugar industry, therefore its cultivation area is located in the Central Black Earth Region, Krasnodar and Stavropol Territories, where the largest sugar factories are concentrated. However, rather moderate requirements of the crop for heat allow the cultivation of this type of industrial crop in the Non-Black Earth Zone, provided that a sufficient amount of nutrients are added to the soil for the growth and development of plants.

Another feature of this technical culture is its practically waste-free production, since all waste after sugar production can go to livestock feed, which allows choosing this direction for creating a closed agro-industrial complex.

The area of cultivation of sugar beet

Sugar beets, for all their unpretentiousness to the temperature regime, are quite demanding on the number of sunny days, since this affects the sugar level in the tuber, to the fertility and structure of the soil. It gives the highest yields on cultivated chernozems with their uniform moisture throughout the entire growing season. The most comfortable natural conditions for the cultivation of sugar beets are in the southwestern zone of the European part of the country: Belgorod, Lipetsk, Voronezh regions, the right bank of the Middle and northwest of the Lower Volga region, where the likelihood of droughts is relatively low.

The cultivation of sugar beets in the Non-Black Earth Region is limited by the increased acidity of the soil, which is unfavorable for the cultivation of this crop; in addition, a fairly cool climate and a large number of cloudy days reduce the sugar content in tubers and convert sugar beets from industrial crops to fodder crops.

Features of crop rotation

When planning a crop rotation, it should be borne in mind that the interval for replanting sugar beets for the same crop should be at least 4 years. Good predecessors for the cultivation of sugar beet are winter cereals, legumes, primarily due to the early timing of their harvest, which makes it possible to carry out a whole range of necessary agricultural activities to obtain a high yield of this industrial crop.

In the fall, it is necessary to deep plow the field to a depth of 30 cm; if necessary, additionally perform liming to combat increased soil acidity. The amount of lime depends on the structure of the soil and ranges from 3500 kg per hectare on medium loam and up to 6000 kg on heavy clay soils.

Sowing seeds

After spring harrowing, the soil must be fed with the introduction of basic fertilizers, the amount of which depends on the type of soil. So, for lands with a high humus content, it is enough to apply 30 kg of nitrogen fertilizers per hectare of land; depleted soils will require double fertilizer consumption: the amount of phosphorus varies from 30 to 90 kg per hectare, potash fertilizers are applied at the rate of 45-60 kg per hectare.

The optimal time for sowing sugar beet depends on the region, for example, in the Krasnodar Territory, it can be sown in the second half of April, after the ground warms up to 6-8 ° C; the sowing depth is rather shallow - from 3 to 4 cm. After sowing, it is necessary to harrow and roll the top layer of soil with rolls. The consumption of seeds is 1.1-1.2 million pieces per 1 hectare of land, the row spacing ranges from 45 to 60 cm.

7 days after sowing the seeds, the soil is re-harrowed across the laid rows. With normal germination of seeds and observance of the sowing time, friendly shoots appear already 2 weeks after the sowing, after which they carry out repeated transverse harrowing of the field.

Crop care

After the formation of the first pair of leaves, a breakthrough should be made, leaving no more than 5 plants per running meter of arable land, this will allow the plants to form full-fledged tubers weighing up to 200-300 g.

The breakthrough ends with shallow loosening of the soil to a depth of 8 cm; shallow re-cultivation should be carried out each time weeds appear. When growing sugar beets, it should be remembered that excess moisture in the soil adversely affects the sugar content in the tuber, therefore, in rainy weather, the soil is loosened deeper - up to 12 cm.

To combat weeds, it is necessary to timely carry out post-sowing treatment of the field with herbicides; when plants are suppressed, provide for measures for foliar feeding with growth stimulants. If it is necessary to combat pests, a system of protective measures is practiced.

Harvesting of this crop is carried out depending on the region from the end of September to the beginning of October; in this case, the choice of its timing depends on the number of clear days for the maximum accumulation of sugar in the tuber. For harvesting, a special beet-harvesting technique is used, after which the green above-ground part of the plants is cut, the amount of which, when delivered to processing plants, should not exceed 3%.

Tasks: to acquaint students with the structural features of plants of the family of the Haze, the practical value and cultivation of sugar beets.

Equipment: live plants (white gauze); herbarium of other haze; root crops and whole plants of sugar beet, table, fodder; dummies of various varieties of beets; flower models; tables, laboratory equipment.

Guidelines... In a conversation about the general characteristics of the class of dicotyledons, it becomes clear to which class the white dove belongs. The attendants hand out live mari plants and laboratory equipment on the tables. The teacher announces the topic and objectives of the lesson and introduces the general signs of Mari white. Marevnye are a large family of about 1400 species, mostly herbaceous plants.

White and black saxaul grow from woody plants in Central Asia. Cultivated plants of the family of hawkers - sugar beets, table beets, fodder beets, spinach; medicinal plants - ragweed, the problem about flowers, antihelminthic marsh, hodgepodge. The model examines the structure of the white mari flower. The flowers are collected in nondescript green glomeruli, on which a whitish bloom is visible. The glomerulus contains 3-4 bisexual flowers. The flower has 5 green tepals, 5 stamens and a pistil. The seeds are covered with a dense, shiny black skin.

Then students are offered independent work on the morphological and biological analysis of Mari Belaya. The teacher conducts a conversation about different types of beets and their cultivation in the training and experimental area. Students can be introduced to the history of beet cultivation, talk about the first sugar factory in Russia, which was built by Alyabyevo, Tula province in 1800. Schoolchildren already know that beets are a biennial plant, that root crops containing up to 22% sugar are used for sugar production. To obtain high yields of sugar beet, high cultivation techniques are required.

The teacher tells in which areas sugar beets occupy large areas, how the raw materials are processed. It is important to link information about the agricultural technology of cultivation of beets with the biological characteristics of this important crop. The growing season of sugar beet in the first year of life is 160-170 days, in the second year of life (when growing seeds) - 120-130 days. Seeds germinate at a temperature of about 3 ° C. On the 6-8th day, cotyledon leaves - a fork appear. In the first period, the leaves come out in pairs, and after the formation of three pairs, they appear one by one. During the growing season, up to 80 leaves are formed. The photosynthetic surface of the leaves is about 5 thousand cm2. The number of leaves, their growth and development depend on the availability of mineral salts and moisture in the soil. The maximum accumulation of sugar in root crops occurs in August - September; this physiological process is associated with daylight hours and other environmental conditions.

Students write down the most productive, high-sugar sugar beet varieties: Pervomayskaya 0.28, Biyskaya 541, Romodanskaya 0.6; 0.23; 0.36. The teacher notes that the most important achievement of Soviet selection is the removal of single-seeded glomeruli. The authors of single-seeded fruits are breeders OK Kolomiets, MG Gordonos, IF Buzanov, and others. Here it is very important to emphasize what economic effect the cultivation of sugar beet has without such a laborious agricultural technique as bouquets. The teacher offers to get acquainted with the foremost workers in the cultivation of sugar beet in a given region or region, recommends literature for extracurricular reading, offers an individual assignment to study the biology and agricultural technology of sugar beet.

Sugar beet (beet) - a group of varieties of common root beet (Latin Beta vulgaris); industrial crop, the roots of which contain a lot of sucrose.

History

Sugar beets are the result of the work of breeders. In 1747, Andreas Marggraf found out that sugar, which was previously obtained from sugar cane, is also contained in beets. At that time, the scientist was able to establish that the sugar content of fodder beets was 1.3%. In the current varieties of sugar beets, bred by breeders, it exceeds 20%.

The discovery of Marggraf was appreciated and for the first time practically used by his student Franz Karl Achard, who devoted his life to obtaining beet sugar and in 1801 equipped a factory in Lower Silesia where sugar was produced from beets.

Sugar beet appeared on the territory of modern Russia and Ukraine in the first half of the 19th century. The leading sugar refiners of the Russian Empire were first Count A. A. Bobrinsky and his heirs, then Leopold Koenig, at the beginning of the 20th century - Tereshchenko, Kharitonenko, Khanenko and Brodsky. See the sugar industry for details.

Description

Sugar beet is a biennial root vegetable that is cultivated primarily for sugar, but can also be cultivated for animal feed. In the first year, the plant forms a rosette of basal leaves and a thickened fleshy root crop, in which the sucrose content usually ranges from 8 to 20%, depending on growing conditions and variety.

Sugar beets love warmth, light and moisture. The optimum temperature for seed germination is 10-12 ° C, growth and development 20-22 ° C. Seedlings are sensitive to frost (they die at -4, -5 ° C). The amount of sugar in fruits depends on the number of sunny days in August-October. A particularly good harvest is harvested on chernozems.

Meaning and application

Sugar beet growing areas

Sugar beet is the most important industrial crop providing raw material for the sugar industry.

Waste production:

pulp: used as livestock feed
molasses: food product
defecation mud: lime fertilizer.

In the 20th century, sugar beets are grown mainly in temperate countries. As of 2015, 12% of all sugar produced in the world is produced from sugar beets, 88% from sugar cane.

Russia

In 2008, Russia produced 29.1 million tons of sugar beet.

In 2011, a record harvest of sugar beet was harvested in Russia (46.2 million tons), thanks to which the country switched to the export of beet sugar in significant volumes (more than 200 thousand tons per year).

In 2016, the gross harvest of sugar beets amounted to 51.4 million tons, which was an absolute record.

Sugar beet processing technology

The beets are accumulated in the storage room, where they can be kept for up to 90 days;
Root crops are washed and turned into shavings;
Getting diffusion juice with hot water (+75 ° C);
The juice is purified in several stages using calcium hydroxide and carbon dioxide;
The resulting juice is boiled down to a syrup with a dry matter concentration of 55-65%, decolorized with sulfur oxide and filtered;
From the syrup in a vacuum apparatus of the 1st stage, massecuite of the 1st crystallization (7.5% water) is obtained, which is centrifuged, removing the "white" molasses. The crystals remaining on the centrifuge sieves are washed, dried and packaged.
"White" molasses is again thickened in vacuum apparatus of the 2nd stage and, with the help of centrifuges, most often of continuous action, they are divided into "green" molasses and "yellow" sugar of the 2nd product, which, after having previously dissolved in pure water, is added to the syrup entering the 1st stage vacuum apparatus;
For additional sugar extraction, a 3-stage boiling and desugarizing is sometimes used;
The molasses obtained at the last stage of crystallization is molasses - a waste of sugar production, which contains 40-50% sucrose and is 4-5% by weight of the processed beet

Sugar beet producers

1	Russia, Russia	33,5	51,4
2	France France	37,8	33,8
3	USA USA	28,4	33,5
4	Germany Germany	29,7	25,5
5	Turkey Turkey	16,7	19,5
6	Ukraine Ukraine	15,7	14,0
7	Poland Poland	13,5	13,5
8	Egypt egypt	11,0	13,3
9	PRC PRC	8,0	8,1
10	United Kingdom United Kingdom	9,4	5,7
11	Iran Iran	4,7	5,5
12	Netherlands Netherlands	6,8	5,5
Total	Peace
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)

Notes (edit)

Literature

Beet // Safflower - Soan. - M.: Soviet Encyclopedia, 1976. - (Great Soviet Encyclopedia: / Ch. Ed. A. M. Prokhorov; 1969-1978, vol. 23).
Lebedev S.V., Chekhov V.P. Biological changes in sugar beet // Izv. Siberian chemical-technol. in-that. - 1931. - No. 1.
Lebedev S.V., Parfatskaya M.P. Heat of thawing of sugar beet // Izv. Siberian chemical-technol. in-that. - 1931. - No. 1.
Keys to harmful and beneficial insects and mites of sugar beet in the USSR. - L., 1986.

Links

Sugar beet (English): Information on the GRIN website.
Ecological Center Ecosystem: A Guide to the Cultural Plants of the World: Sugar Beet (Beta vulgaris var. saccharifera)
Detailed description

30011998 / Dec 10 2014, 01:20:56 PM

oil palm, yellow tree, ficus, okapi

C) spurge, aloe, turtle, hyena, jackal

Assignment 2: define the natural area according to the description.

“The color of African seasons is the same all year round - green. Only in one period is the green color pure, bright, and in the other - faded, as if faded ... In the dry season, the earth turns to stone, grass - to bast, trees crackle from lack of juice. And now the very first downpour brings nature back to life. Having drunk water greedily, the earth swells with moisture, generously gives it to trees, grasses, flowers. They drink, drink and cannot get drunk ... almost every day the rain gushes in a powerful stream, then it pours in fine water dust. The air temperature drops, and local residents shrug their shoulders chilly, complaining: "It's cold!" When the thermometer reads 18-20 degrees, some Africans believe that "frost" has come. They pull on everything that they have from their clothes, tie their heads with kerchiefs, light bonfires in the streets, just to calm the trembling. " (L. Pochivalov)

Assignment 3: Explain the reason for the low soil fertility of equatorial forests.

Assignment 4: What natural zones do you think will be created most of all national parks and reserves on the territory and why?

Sugar beet in Russia is grown mainly as a raw material for the sugar industry, so its cultivation area is located in the Central Black Earth Region, Krasnodar and Stavropol Territories, where the largest sugar factories are concentrated. However, rather moderate requirements of the crop for heat allow the cultivation of this type of industrial crop in the Non-Black Earth Zone, provided that a sufficient amount of nutrients are added to the soil for the growth and development of plants.