blue-eyed / 07 oct. 2014 08:50:00
papyrus rolled into a tube. (5 letters)
3). A stone pillar supporting the roof of the temple. (6 letters)
4). A sacred bull with a white mark on its forehead. (3 letters)
five). A richly decorated coffin made of wood or stone. (7 letters)
6). Son of Osiris who defeated the evil Set. (2 letters)
7). One of the names of the sun god. (1 letter)
eight). Another name for the sun god. (3 letters)
nine). Goddess of the sky. (2 letters)
10). The famous pharaoh conqueror. (5 letters)
eleven). A huge stone figure depicting a lion with a human head. (5 letters)
12). The number of small kingdoms that originally arose in Egypt. (4 letters)
13). An animal in the guise of which the god Amon-Ra fights a fierce serpent every night. (2 letters)
fourteen). God of wisdom, who taught people to write. (2 letters)
fifteen). Pharaoh, whose tomb the archaeologists have found undisturbed. (9 letters)
sixteen). Pharaoh's wife, whose sculptural portrait has survived to this day. (8 letters)
17). Egyptian letter icon. (7 letters)
18). The word for the rulers of Egypt. (5 letters)
nineteen). River in Egypt. (3 letters)
Who and how the ancient Egyptians worshiped
Many gods were worshiped in Egypt. Many of them were very ancient and were depicted with animal heads.
The Egyptians considered the gods to be the creators of cities, nomes (regions), laws, crafts, art, writing, etc .; they, from the point of view of the ancient Egyptians, rule the world.
In many cities of Ancient Egypt, animals (cats, bulls, crocodiles) were deified. They were kept in special rooms, ponds; insulting sacred animals was punishable by death. The Egyptians also worshiped plants (lotus, papyrus, date palm) and inanimate objects (mainly signs of royal power - a scepter, crown, royal garment).
In each nome (region) of Egypt there was a cult of its deity, which was once the spirit of this area. There were also common Egyptian gods (Horus, Ra, Isis, Osiris, etc.). The most powerful was considered the god of the most influential nome.
Temples were revered as the dwellings of the gods. Each temple was dedicated to some kind of god, inside was placed his statue of the god. The temple cult was carried out by the priests - the servants of the gods, who know the prayers, making sacrifices to the gods. Sacrifices - offerings to the gods in order to propitiate them; exchange between worlds: the world of gods and people, living and dead.
Deification of the king
Pharaoh in the mind of the Egyptians is a living god. The Egyptians believed that at his will the Nile overflows and the sun rises; believed that he had two bodies - human and divine (solar, golden). The divine body can only be seen by the gods. The mortal people practically did not see the pharaohs, even with the courtiers they talked from behind the screen.
At the moment of birth, Pharaoh is the son of Ra. When he died - the embodiment of the god of the reborn life of Osiris. When he entered the kingdom, he became the embodiment of the god of light - Horus.
The cult of Osiris
Osiris is the patron saint of all the productive forces of nature; an eternally dying and reborn god. The grain and fruits of the vine were perceived by the Egyptians as the embodiment of this god. Therefore, sowing (sowing) for the Egyptian is the funeral of Osiris, the emergence of seedlings is his resurrection, and the cutting of ears is the mortification of God. The myth of Osiris and Isis is the central myth of Egyptian culture.
Over time, Osiris, in the minds of the Egyptians, becomes the king and judge of the afterlife, determines the posthumous fate of a person.
Afterworld
The Egyptians believed that mummification, the preservation of the body of the deceased, was a condition for the immortality of the soul. For this, the body was treated with saline and aromatic oils, then dried and wrapped in linen.
The "Book of the Dead" was intended for any person (regardless of origin), served to achieve immortality and prosperity in the afterlife, but did not guarantee a happy afterlife. The idea of retribution for bad deeds committed in earthly life appears. So, chapter 125 contains a list of crimes and sins for which people can be deprived of the afterlife.
The book is a list of magic spells and correct answers to Osiris at the trial. The task is to influence the outcome of the court with the help of magic and conspiracies.Magic in Ancient Egypt prevailed over ethics.
Religion of the ancient Egyptians
Religion played a huge role in the life of every Egyptian. The ancient Egyptians believed that people and nature were ruled by powerful gods. People built houses for the gods - temples. At the temples there were priests - servants of the gods. The priests were rich and powerful.
In Egypt, there were cults of various animals. As researchers suggest, animal worship is a legacy of totemism that prevailed in primitive society. Zoomorphic features are characteristic of the Egyptian gods: as a rule, the gods were depicted with human bodies and animal heads. Especially revered animals in Egypt were: bull - Apis; crocodile - Sebek, god of the Nile; ibis - Thoth, the god of wisdom; cat - Bastet, the patroness of women and female beauty. The cat was also revered, in the image of which the supreme god Amon-Ra fought with the god of darkness Apophis (Fig. 1). Revered animals were mummified after death.
The Egyptians considered the Sun to be the most powerful god. The sun god was called Amon-Ra (Fig. 2). Every morning Amon-Ra appears in the east. As the day lasts, he slowly floats across the sky in his magnificent boat. Plants revive, people and animals rejoice. But now the day is leaning towards evening. On the western edge of the sky, Amon-Ra engages in mortal combat with the god of darkness Apop. The battle continues throughout the night. When Apophis is defeated, the crown of the sun god shines again, heralding the arrival of a new day.
The most famous Egyptian creation myth originated in the city of Heliopolis. According to him, in the beginning there was only chaos. From him appeared the god Atum, who created all living things. First of all, he created the gods - Shu (air) and Tefnut (moisture). From them were born Geb - the god of the earth and Nut - the goddess of the sky. Geb and Nut had four children: Osiris, Isis, Set and Nephthys.
Osiris inherited his power from his father - the god Geb. He tried to rule Egypt wisely and justly. Osiris taught the Egyptians to grow grain and grapes, bake bread. The younger brother of Osiris - Seth - was the god of the desert and sandstorms. He had small, evil eyes and hair the color of sand. Seth envied and hated his brother Osiris. Once, during a feast, Seth appeared at the royal palace. Servants carried a magnificent coffin behind him. "Whoever will fit this precious coffin," said Seth, "will get it!" The guests were not surprised by the gift: the Egyptians from their youth prepared for life in the "land of the dead." As soon as Osiris lay at the bottom of the coffin, Seth's servants slammed the lid. They lifted the coffin and threw it into the waters of the Nile. Osiris died.
The faithful wife of Osiris, the goddess Isis, wept bitterly. She hid from Seth in dense thickets on the banks of the Nile. She nursed a little son there - the god Horus. When Horus matured, he decided to avenge Seth for the death of his father. Horus entered into single combat with him and defeated the enemy. Isis was looking for a coffin with her husband's body for a long time in the swamps of the delta. Having found, she miraculously revived Osiris.
The most terrible time in Egypt was hemu - drought - the time of the death of Osiris. But then the flood of the Nile began, the fields and trees turned green - it was Osiris who revived again.
Osiris became god and judge in the "land of the dead." He and 42 other gods judged the souls of the dead, weighing their hearts on the scales of truth. If the figurine of the goddess of truth, Maat, balances the scales, it means that the deceased was a righteous and honest person, worthy to enter the wonderful fields of the dead. If the deceased lied, his soul was devoured by a terrible monster with the body of a hippopotamus and a lion and the toothy mouth of a crocodile - Ammat.
In order to exist in the kingdom of the dead, a person needs a body, into which his soul could again inhabit. Therefore, the Egyptians were especially careful about preserving the body and performed the rite of mummification. The mummy was placed in a coffin - a sarcophagus on which spells were written and the gods were depicted. The tomb where the sarcophagus stood was considered the home of the deceased.
Horus, the patron saint of earthly pharaohs, reigned on earth. Pharaohs in Ancient Egypt were revered as earthly gods.
Bibliography
Vigasin A.A., Goder G.I., Sventsitskaya I.S.Ancient world history. Grade 5. - M .: Education, 2006.
A.I. Nemirovsky. Book for reading on the history of the Ancient World. - M .: Education, 1991.
Ancient Rome. Book for reading / Ed. D. P. Kallistova, S. L. Utchenko. - M .: Uchpedgiz, 1953. source
Ancient world
Test on the topic "RELIGION OF ANCIENT EGYPTIAN"
1. What is called religion?
A) belief in supernatural beings, spirits, gods
B) the power with which some exploited others
C) belief in the forces of nature
2. The Sun God, the most powerful of the gods of ancient Egypt?
A) Osiris
B) Amon-Ra
C) Seth
3. The mythical king of Egypt, who taught the Egyptians to grow grain and grapes, bake bread?
A) Osiris
B) Amon-Ra
C) Tutankhamun
4. With what phenomenon of nature did the ancient Egyptians associate the death of Osiris?
A) with drought
B) with the Nile spill
B) with an earthquake
5. "Home" for the gods in Ancient Egypt:
A) sarcophagus
B) pyramid
C) temple
6. The most important, powerful god of Ancient Egypt:
A) God of the Earth
B) the god of the "kingdom of the dead"
C) the sun god
7. Servants of the gods in Ancient Egypt:
A) pharaohs
B) priests
C) nobles
8. Whom, according to the ideas of the ancient Egyptians, Osiris allowed into the "kingdom of the dead"?
A) only pharaohs
B) only priests
C) all who did good during their lifetime.
Ancient world
Test on the topic "RELIGION OF ANCIENT EGYPTIAN"
1. What is called religion?
A) belief in supernatural beings, spirits, gods
B) the power with which some exploited others
C) belief in the forces of nature
2. God of the Sun, the most powerful of the gods of ancient Egypt?
A) Osiris
B) Amon-Ra
C) Seth
3. The mythical king of Egypt, who taught the Egyptians to grow grain and grapes, bake bread?
A) Osiris
B) Amon-Ra
C) Tutankhamun
4. With what phenomenon of nature did the ancient Egyptians associate the death of Osiris?
A) with drought
B) with the Nile spill
B) with an earthquake
5. "Home" for the gods in Ancient Egypt:
A) sarcophagus
B) pyramid
C) temple
6. The most important, powerful god of Ancient Egypt:
A) God of the Earth
B) the god of the "kingdom of the dead"
C) the sun god
7. Servants of the gods in Ancient Egypt:
A) pharaohs
B) priests
C) nobles
8. Whom, according to the ideas of the ancient Egyptians, Osiris allowed into the "kingdom of the dead"?
A) only pharaohs
B) only priests
C) all who did good during their lifetime.
Who and how the ancient Egyptians worshiped
Many gods were worshiped in Egypt. Many of them were very ancient and were depicted with animal heads.
The Egyptians considered the gods to be the creators of cities, nomes (regions), laws, crafts, art, writing, etc .; they, from the point of view of the ancient Egyptians, rule the world.
In many cities of Ancient Egypt, animals (cats, bulls, crocodiles) were deified. They were kept in special rooms, ponds; insulting sacred animals was punishable by death. The Egyptians also worshiped plants (lotus, papyrus, date palm) and inanimate objects (mainly signs of royal power - the scepter, crown, royal garment).
In each nome (region) of Egypt there was a cult of its deity, which was once the spirit of this area. There were also common Egyptian gods (Horus, Ra, Isis, Osiris, etc.). The most powerful was considered the god of the most influential nome.
Temples were revered as the dwellings of the gods. Each temple was dedicated to some kind of god, inside was placed his statue of the god. The temple cult was carried out by the priests - the servants of the gods, who know the prayers, making sacrifices to the gods. Sacrifices - offerings to the gods in order to propitiate them; exchange between worlds: the world of gods and people, living and dead.
Deification of the king
Pharaoh in the mind of the Egyptians is a living god. The Egyptians believed that at his will the Nile overflows and the sun rises; believed that he had two bodies - human and divine (solar, golden). The divine body can only be seen by the gods. The mortal people practically did not see the pharaohs, even with the courtiers they talked from behind the screen.
At the moment of birth, Pharaoh is the son of Ra. When he died - the embodiment of the god of the reborn life of Osiris.When he entered the kingdom, he became the embodiment of the god of light - Horus.
The cult of Osiris
Osiris is the patron saint of all the productive forces of nature; an eternally dying and reborn god. The grain and fruits of the vine were perceived by the Egyptians as the embodiment of this god. Therefore, sowing (sowing) for the Egyptian is the funeral of Osiris, the emergence of seedlings is his resurrection, and the cutting of ears is the mortification of God. The myth of Osiris and Isis is the central myth of Egyptian culture.
Over time, Osiris, in the minds of the Egyptians, becomes the king and judge of the afterlife, determines the posthumous fate of a person.
Afterworld
The Egyptians believed that mummification, the preservation of the body of the deceased, was a condition for the immortality of the soul. For this, the body was treated with saline and aromatic oils, then dried and wrapped in linen.
The "Book of the Dead" was intended for any person (regardless of origin), served to achieve immortality and prosperity in the afterlife, but did not guarantee a happy afterlife. The idea of retribution for bad deeds committed in earthly life appears. So, chapter 125 contains a list of crimes and sins for which people can be deprived of the afterlife.
The book is a list of magic spells and correct answers to Osiris at the trial. The task is to influence the outcome of the court with the help of magic and conspiracies. Magic in Ancient Egypt prevailed over ethics.
Religion of the ancient Egyptians
Religion played a huge role in the life of every Egyptian. The ancient Egyptians believed that powerful gods govern people and nature. People built houses for the gods - temples. At the temples there were priests - the servants of the gods. The priests were rich and powerful.
In Egypt, there were cults of various animals. As researchers suggest, animal worship is a legacy of totemism that prevailed in primitive society. Zoomorphic features are characteristic of the Egyptian gods: as a rule, the gods were depicted with human bodies and animal heads. Especially revered animals in Egypt were: bull - Apis; crocodile - Sebek, god of the Nile; ibis - Thoth, the god of wisdom; cat - Bastet, the patroness of women and female beauty. The cat was also revered, in the image of which the supreme god Amon-Ra fought with the god of darkness Apophis (Fig. 1). Revered animals were mummified after death.
The Egyptians considered the Sun to be the most powerful god. The sun god was called Amon-Ra (Fig. 2). Every morning Amon-Ra appears in the east. As the day lasts, he slowly floats across the sky in his magnificent boat. Plants revive, people and animals rejoice. But now the day is leaning towards evening. On the western edge of the sky, Amon-Ra engages in mortal combat with the god of darkness Apop. The battle continues throughout the night. When Apophis is defeated, the crown of the sun god shines again, heralding the arrival of a new day.
The most famous Egyptian creation myth originated in the city of Heliopolis. According to him, in the beginning only chaos existed. From him appeared the god Atum, who created all living things. First of all, he created the gods - Shu (air) and Tefnut (moisture). From them were born Geb - the god of the earth and Nut - the goddess of the sky. Geb and Nut had four children: Osiris, Isis, Set and Nephthys.
Osiris inherited his power from his father - the god Heb. He tried to rule Egypt wisely and justly. Osiris taught the Egyptians to grow grain and grapes, bake bread. The younger brother of Osiris - Seth - was the god of the desert and sandstorms. He had small, evil eyes and sandy hair. Seth envied and hated his brother Osiris. Once, during a feast, Seth appeared at the royal palace. Servants carried a luxurious coffin behind him. "Whoever will fit this precious coffin," said Seth, "will get it!" The guests were not surprised by the gift: the Egyptians from their youth prepared for life in the "land of the dead." As soon as Osiris lay at the bottom of the coffin, Seth's servants slammed the lid. They lifted the coffin and threw it into the waters of the Nile. Osiris died.
The faithful wife of Osiris, the goddess Isis, wept bitterly.She hid from Seth in dense thickets on the banks of the Nile. She nursed a little son there - the god Horus. When Horus matured, he decided to avenge Seth for the death of his father. Horus entered into single combat with him and defeated the enemy. Isis was looking for a coffin with her husband's body for a long time in the swamps of the delta. Having found, she miraculously revived Osiris.
The most terrible time in Egypt was hemu - drought - the time of the death of Osiris. But then the flood of the Nile began, the fields and trees turned green - it was Osiris who revived again.
Osiris became god and judge in the "land of the dead." He and 42 other gods judged the souls of the dead, weighing their hearts on the scales of truth. If the figurine of the goddess of truth, Maat, balances the scales, it means that the deceased was a righteous and honest person, worthy to enter the wonderful fields of the dead. If the deceased lied, his soul was devoured by a terrible monster with the body of a hippopotamus and a lion and the toothy mouth of a crocodile - Ammat.
In order to exist in the kingdom of the dead, a person needs a body, into which his soul could again inhabit. Therefore, the Egyptians were especially careful about preserving the body and performed the rite of mummification. The mummy was placed in a coffin - a sarcophagus on which spells were written and the gods were depicted. The tomb where the sarcophagus stood was considered the home of the deceased.
Horus, the patron saint of earthly pharaohs, reigned on earth. Pharaohs in Ancient Egypt were revered as earthly gods.
Bibliography
Vigasin A. A., Goder G. I., Sventsitskaya I. S. History of the Ancient World. Grade 5. - M .: Education, 2006.
Nemirovsky A. I. Book for reading on the history of the Ancient World. - M .: Education, 1991.
Ancient Rome. Book for reading / Ed. D. P. Kallistova, S. L. Utchenko. - M .: Uchpedgiz, 1953. source
