Content
To obtain a high yield of little favorable climatic conditions, it is also necessary to select the optimal seed variety for a given region, when choosing which one should take into account several factors at once: frost resistance, drought resistance, exactingness to the type of soil. Only the use of varieties of a new generation, zoned for a given area, and, therefore, maximally adapted to its climatic conditions, makes it possible to obtain grain up to 70-85 c / ha with an average yield not exceeding 35-45 c / ha.
Today, the largest center for breeding new varieties for the chernozem zone of Russia is the Donskoy Zonal Research Institute of Agriculture, created more than 30 years ago in the village of Donskaya Niva, Tarasovsky District, Rostov Region.
Tarasovskaya spinous (2001). The variety is distinguished by high quality grain, it is recommended for cultivation in the Rostov and Voronezh regions and the Stavropol Territory, where it allows you to get grain up to 95 c / ha. Resistant to prolonged droughts, including during the formation of an ear, it is characterized by good grain completion.
Rosinka Tarasovskaya (2002). One of the highest-yielding varieties with a confirmed yield of 105.3 c / ha. The variety is distinguished by a low, stable stem, which allows using the maximum amount of nutrients for ear ripening; excellent frost-resistant qualities, increased resistance to diseases of grain crops, including rust. It responds to the introduction of nitrogen fertilization in the form of foliar feeding by increasing the yield and quality of the resulting grain.
Prestige (2002). The variety is distinguished by increased frost-resistant qualities; seedlings can withstand late spring frosts down to -13 ° C without snow cover; the confirmed yield is 98 c / ha. The variety is recommended for the central and eastern regions of the Chernozem region, characterized by late frosts: the Lower Volga region, the North Caucasus, Rostov and Voronezh regions.
Severodonetsk Jubilee (2003). A modern frost-resistant variety that can withstand a drop in soil temperature down to -10 ° C and an ice crust on the surface of the soil. The yield of the variety reaches 90 kg / ha; it is resistant to diseases, including rust. Recommended for cultivation in the Kuban, Rostov Region, Krasnodar Territory and the North Caucasus.
Spring Tarasovsky (2003). The variety has an increased yield (up to 100 c / ha) of high-quality grain, is winter-hardy, withstands long late spring frosts, and is suitable for growing in the southern regions of Russia, including the North Caucasus.
August (2006)... A high-yielding variety with a confirmed yield of over 86.5 c / ha, a record yield of 96.8 c / ha was recorded in 2005. Recommended for the regions of the Northern Don and Kuban. It is characterized by increased winter hardiness: with a poor snow cover, it is able to withstand late spring frosts without losing productivity. The stalk is undersized, does not exceed 89-99 cm, the ear is cylindrical with an average grain of red. The variety is characterized by high drought resistance, lodging resistance, leaf rust, powdery mildew and other common diseases of grain crops. Responsive to nitrogen fertilization, relatively undemanding to precise sowing dates. A valuable variety with a high protein and gluten content, one of the best varieties for cultivation in the Kuban and North Caucasus.
Governor of the Don (2006). A high-yielding variety with a potential yield of 102 c / ha, the average yield of the variety exceeds 45 c / ha, the confirmed yield when cultivated in the Kuban is 95.9 c / ha. The variety has good frost-resistant and increased heat-resistant qualities, well tolerates ice crust and late spring frosts. Adapted to the climatic conditions of the Stavropol Territory, the North Caucasus, the Central Black Earth Region, especially the Rostov and Belgorod Regions. It is distinguished by a semi-erect, medium-sized bush with a height of 65 to 94 cm with a white cylindrical spike, the grain is characterized by good baking qualities. Among the shortcomings, one can note insufficient resistance to leaf rust, snow mold, powdery mildew and other diseases of cereals.
Don 105 (2008). One of the new varieties of winter wheat, bred specifically for the Lower Volga region, the North Don and the North Caucasus. Possesses increased frost-resistant characteristics; the plant is able to withstand severe short-term frosts up to 20 ° С in late autumn and spring periods, it is drought-resistant. The variety is characterized by a medium-sized stem up to 107 cm high, highly resistant to lodging, highly resistant to damage, leaf rust, dust smut and infectious diseases of grain crops. The potential yield of the variety exceeds 90 kg / ha. At present, the work on monitoring this variety has not been completed, however, the best indicators were obtained when grown on non-fallen predecessors.
Kamyshanka-3 (2009)... One of the last varieties bred specifically for the Lower Volga region with characteristic late spring frosts and low autumn temperatures in the absence of snow cover, which leads to the death of winter crops with insufficient cold resistance. Recommended for sowing in the Volgograd region, it can also be cultivated in adjacent regions, including the Saratov and Rostov regions. This variety gives the best indicators when cultivated on chernozems and chestnut soils, as well as on brown soils of the steppe zone. The Kamyshanka-3 variety is characterized by a rather high growth, often reaching 110 cm, with a long, cylindrical spike. The average yield is rather low and reaches 30 c / ha; the maximum yield obtained in 2008 in the Volgograd region was 60 c / ha. The variety has increased resistance to low temperatures and high drought resistance, is practically not affected by septoria, but cases of hard smut and brown rust have been reported. Among the disadvantages, we can note the lower content of gluten and protein in the grain compared to the standard, especially with a strong lack of moisture in the soil.
Nemchinovskaya-57 (2009)... The variety is developed for cultivation in the Tula and Moscow regions; a record harvest of 68.5 c / ha was recorded in 2008 in the Moscow region. The plant is characterized by a short-to-medium stem up to 103 cm high with a spindle-shaped spike of medium density. The average recorded yield reaches 34-53 kg / ha. The variety is distinguished by good winter-hardy and frost-resistant characteristics, resistant to lodging, moderately resistant to drought, leaf rust and hard smut. The grain of this wheat variety is distinguished by its high baking qualities. Among the shortcomings, there is an instability to snow mold and powdery mildew.
Moscow-39 (2000)... One of the best varieties of wheat for the non-chernozem zone, combining at the same time the excellent quality of food grains with high yields, which allowed it to become the best in its category at the international exhibition in Canada. Variety Moskovskaya-39 is distinguished by an average stem height not exceeding 100-105 cm, excellent frost-resistant qualities, and the ability to withstand prolonged sub-zero temperatures in the presence of sufficient snow cover. The average yield of this variety is from 50 to 70 kg / ha. Moskovskaya-39 responds well to the application of nitrogen fertilizers during the growth period.The variety is quite resistant to short-term drought in the early spring period, resistant to lodging, brown rust, hard smut and powdery mildew, is not affected by snow mold with septoria blight. The grain is distinguished by a high content of protein and gluten, which makes it possible to recognize this variety as one of the leaders in winter wheat in the Non-Black Earth Region. Recommended for cultivation in the Moscow region, as well as in other zones of the Non-Black Earth Region and the Central Black Earth Region of the country with a stable winter snow cover.
Galina (2005)... One of the high-yielding varieties developed for the Non-Black Earth Region, with a potential yield of up to 70 kg / ha. Recommended for sowing in the Moscow region, the Middle Volga region, the Volgo-Vyatka region. Winter wheat Galina is characterized by low growth (the average size of the stem together with the ear does not exceed 85-90 cm) and a strong stem, which leads to increased plant resistance to lodging. The grain is large, with a high protein and gluten content, which makes it possible to equate this variety with the most valuable domestic varieties of food winter wheat. The variety gives good yields at late sowing, is distinguished by high rates of frost and drought resistance, is not susceptible to brown rust, below average it is affected by hard smut, is slightly affected by powdery mildew. All these qualities, along with good indicators of flour strength and bread yield, give reason to believe that the Galina variety will be widely used for growing winter wheat throughout the Central Non-Black Earth Region.
Nemchinovskaya-24 (2006). One of the universal varieties that can be cultivated not only in the Non-Black Earth Region, but also in the Volga Region, Central Black Earth and Volgo-Vyatka Districts, in the Urals and Altai. Nemchinovskaya-24 has a high potential yield, which is 110-130 kg / ha, with good quality grain with a high content of gluten and protein. The variety is very responsive to fertilization and, with timely fertilizing, dramatically increases the yield and quality of grain. The plant is characterized by a medium height (80-90 cm) and a cylindrical spike of medium length. The strong hollow stem gives the variety an increased resistance to lodging and a high index of frost resistance. At the same time, the resistance of the variety to most of the most common wheat diseases, such as brown rust, powdery mildew and dusky smut, allows it to remain one of the most common varieties for cultivation throughout central Russia today.
Moscow-56 (2008). One of the last varieties bred for the Non-Black Earth Zone and recommended for cultivation in the Central and Volga-Vyatka regions with long and cold winters and a stable snow cover due to its increased resistance to prolonged low temperatures. The potential yield of this variety is about 90-100 kg / ha; During the competitive test, a yield of 72.1 c / ha was obtained, and the maximum yield was obtained in 2002 and amounted to more than 85 c / ha. Moskovskaya-56 is characterized by high and friendly seed germination, which makes it possible to obtain a significant indicator of productive stems on each square meter of crops. The average plant height does not exceed 100-105 cm; strong hollow stem provides good resistance of the variety to lodging: according to this indicator, Moskovskaya-56 exceeds the average for winter wheat. The variety is quite resistant to most diseases, including powdery mildew; grain has a high protein and gluten content, which allows it to be used in the production of bread and bakery products. For a high return of high-quality food grain, the variety requires mandatory feeding with nitrogen fertilizers in the amount of at least 90 kg / ha.
To obtain a high yield of little favorable climatic conditions, it is also necessary to select the optimal seed variety for a given region, when choosing which one should take into account several factors at once: frost resistance, drought resistance, exactingness to the type of soil. Only the use of varieties of a new generation, zoned for a given area, and, therefore, maximally adapted to its climatic conditions, makes it possible to obtain grain up to 70-85 c / ha with an average yield not exceeding 35-45 c / ha.
Today, the largest center for breeding new varieties for the chernozem zone of Russia is the Donskoy Zonal Research Institute of Agriculture, created more than 30 years ago in the village of Donskaya Niva, Tarasovsky District, Rostov Region.
Tarasovskaya spinous (2001). The variety is distinguished by high quality grain, it is recommended for cultivation in the Rostov and Voronezh regions and the Stavropol Territory, where it allows you to get grain up to 95 c / ha. Resistant to prolonged droughts, including during the formation of an ear, it is characterized by good grain completion.
Rosinka Tarasovskaya (2002). One of the highest-yielding varieties with a confirmed yield of 105.3 c / ha. The variety is distinguished by a low, stable stem, which allows using the maximum amount of nutrients for ear ripening; excellent frost-resistant qualities, increased resistance to diseases of grain crops, including rust. It responds to the introduction of nitrogen fertilization in the form of foliar feeding by increasing the yield and quality of the resulting grain.
Prestige (2002). The variety is distinguished by increased frost-resistant qualities; seedlings can withstand late spring frosts down to -13 ° C without snow cover; the confirmed yield is 98 c / ha. Recommended for the central and eastern regionsBlack earth, characterized by late frosts: the Lower Volga region, the North Caucasus, Rostov and Voronezh regions.
Severodonetsk Jubilee (2003). A modern frost-resistant variety that can withstand a drop in soil temperature down to -10 ° C and an ice crust on the surface of the soil. The yield of the variety reaches 90 kg / ha; it is resistant to diseases, including rust. Recommended for cultivation in the Kuban, Rostov Region, Krasnodar Territory and the North Caucasus.
Spring Tarasovsky (2003). The variety has an increased yield (up to 100 c / ha) of high-quality grain, is winter-hardy, withstands long late spring frosts, and is suitable for growing in the southern regions of Russia, including the North Caucasus.
August (2006). A high-yielding variety with a confirmed yield of over 86.5 c / ha, a record yield of 96.8 c / ha was recorded in 2005. Recommended for the regions of the Northern Don and Kuban. It is characterized by increased winter hardiness: with a poor snow cover, it is able to withstand late spring frosts without losing productivity. The stalk is undersized, does not exceed 89-99 cm, the ear is cylindrical with an average grain of red. The variety is characterized by high drought resistance, lodging resistance, leaf rust, powdery mildew and other common diseases of grain crops. Responsive to nitrogen fertilization, relatively undemanding to precise sowing dates. A valuable variety with a high protein and gluten content, one of the best varieties for cultivation in the Kuban and North Caucasus.
Governor of the Don (2006). A high-yielding variety with a potential yield of 102 c / ha, the average yield of the variety exceeds 45 c / ha, the confirmed yield when cultivated in the Kuban is 95.9 c / ha. The variety has good frost-resistant and increased heat-resistant qualities, well tolerates ice crust and late spring frosts. Adapted to the climatic conditions of the Stavropol Territory, the North Caucasus, the Central Black Earth Region, especially the Rostov and Belgorod Regions.It is distinguished by a semi-erect, medium-sized bush with a height of 65 to 94 cm with a white cylindrical spike,corncharacterized by good baking qualities. Among the shortcomings, one can note insufficient resistance to leaf rust, snow mold, powdery mildew and other diseases of cereals.
Don 105 (2008). One of the new varieties of winter wheat, bred specifically for the Lower Volga region, the North Don and the North Caucasus. Possesses increased frost-resistant characteristics; the plant is able to withstand strong short-term frosts up to 20 ° С in late autumn and spring periods, it is drought-resistant. The variety is characterized by a medium-sized stem up to 107 cm high, highly resistant to lodging, highly resistant to damage, leaf rust, dust smut and infectious diseases of grain crops. The potential yield of the variety exceeds 90 kg / ha. At present, the work on monitoring this variety has not been completed, however, the best indicators were obtained when grown on non-fallen predecessors.
Kamyshanka-3 (2009). One of the last varieties bred specifically for the Lower Volga region with characteristic late spring frosts and low autumn temperatures in the absence of snow cover, which leads to the death of winter crops with insufficient cold resistance. Recommended for sowing in the Volgograd region, it can also be cultivated in adjacent regions, including the Saratov and Rostov regions. This variety gives the best indicators when cultivated on chernozems and chestnut soils, as well as on brown soils of the steppe zone. The Kamyshanka-3 variety is characterized by a rather high growth, often reaching 110 cm, with a long, cylindrical spike. The average yield is rather low and reaches 30 c / ha; the maximum yield obtained in 2008 in the Volgograd region was 60 c / ha. The variety has increased resistance to low temperatures and high drought resistance, is practically not affected by septoria, but cases of hard smut and brown rust have been reported. Among the shortcomings, we can note the lower content of gluten and protein in the grain compared to the standard, especially with a strong lack of moisture in the soil.
Nemchinovskaya-57 (2009). The variety is developed for cultivation in the Tula and Moscow regions; a record harvest of 68.5 c / ha was recorded in 2008 in the Moscow region. The plant is characterized by a short-to-medium stem up to 103 cm high with a spindle-shaped spike of medium density. The average recorded yield reaches 34-53 kg / ha. The variety is distinguished by good winter-hardy and frost-resistant characteristics, resistant to lodging, moderately resistant to drought, leaf rust and hard smut. The grain of thiswheat varietiesis distinguished by high baking qualities. Among the shortcomings, there is an instability to snow mold and powdery mildew.
Moscow-39 (2000). One of the best varieties of wheat for the non-chernozem zone, combining at the same time the excellent quality of food grains with high yields, which allowed it to become the best in its category at the international exhibition in Canada. Variety Moskovskaya-39 is distinguished by an average stem height not exceeding 100-105 cm, excellent frost-resistant qualities, and the ability to withstand prolonged sub-zero temperatures in the presence of sufficient snow cover. The average yield of this variety is from 50 to 70 kg / ha. Moskovskaya-39 responds well to the application of nitrogen fertilizers during the growth period. The variety is quite resistant to short-term drought in the early spring period, resistant to lodging, brown rust, hard smut and powdery mildew, is not affected by snow mold with septoria blight. The grain is distinguished by a high content of protein and gluten, which makes it possible to recognize this variety as one of the leaders in winter wheat in the Non-Black Earth Region. Recommended for cultivation in the Moscow region, as well as in other zones of the Non-Black Earth Region and the Central Black Earth Region of the country with a stable winter snow cover.
Galina (2005). One of the high-yielding varieties developed for the Non-Black Earth Region, with a potential yield of up to 70 kg / ha. Recommended for sowing in the Moscow region, the Middle Volga region, the Volgo-Vyatka region. Winter wheat Galina is characterized by low growth (the average size of the stem together with the ear does not exceed 85-90 cm) and a strong stem, which leads to increased plant resistance to lodging. The grain is large, with a high protein and gluten content, which makes it possible to equate this variety with the most valuable domestic varieties of food winter wheat. The variety gives good yields at late sowing, is distinguished by high rates of frost and drought resistance, is not susceptible to brown rust, below average it is affected by hard smut, is slightly affected by powdery mildew. All these qualities along with good indicators of flour strength and yieldof breadgives reason to believe that the Galina variety will be widely used for growing winter wheat throughout the Central Non-Black Earth Region.
Nemchinovskaya-24 (2006). One of the universal varieties that can be cultivated not only in the Non-Black Earth Region, but also in the Volga Region, Central Black Earth and Volga-Vyatka Districts, in the Urals and Altai. Nemchinovskaya-24 has a high potential yield, which is 110-130 kg / ha, with good quality grain with a high content of gluten and protein. The variety is very responsive to fertilization and, with timely fertilizing, sharply increases the yield andqualitygrains. The plant is characterized by a medium height (80-90 cm) and a cylindrical spike of medium length. The strong hollow stem gives the variety an increased resistance to lodging and a high index of frost resistance. At the same time, the resistance of the variety to most of the most common wheat diseases, such as brown rust, powdery mildew and dusky smut, allows it to remain one of the most common varieties for cultivation throughout central Russia today.
Moscow-56 (2008). One of the last varieties bred for the Non-Black Earth Region and recommended for cultivation in the Central and Volga-Vyatka regions with long and cold winters and a stable snow cover due to its increased resistance to prolonged low temperatures. The potential yield of this variety is about 90-100 kg / ha; during the competitive test, a yield of 72.1 c / ha was obtained, and the maximum yield was obtained in 2002 and amounted to more than 85 c / ha. Moskovskaya-56 is characterized by high and friendly seed germination, which makes it possible to obtain a significant indicator of productive stems on each square meter of crops. The average plant height does not exceed 100-105 cm; strong hollow stem provides good resistance of the variety to lodging: according to this indicator, Moskovskaya-56 exceeds the average for winter wheat. The variety is quite resistant to most diseases, including powdery mildew; grain has a high protein and gluten content, which allows it to be used in the production of bread andbakery products... For a high return of high-quality food grain, the variety requires mandatory feeding.nitrogen fertilizersin the amount of at least 90 kg / ha.
43. Also …… winter wheat. Varieties. Winter wheat - This is the main bakery crop, Occupies about 10 million hectares. The most productive among the grain of the 1st group. The grain yield is about 28 centners / ha. The growing season in CZ is 260 days, in NZ - 360 days. In the NW region, it is grown in small areas. Possesses low winter hardiness. From autumn, the phases of sprouting and tillering take place. Tillering continues in spring. It grows slowly during the tube and earing phase. It is a self-pollinating plant. When ripe, the grain can crumble; in humid weather, the baking quality of the grain decreases.
Winter soft wheat is mainly grown. Durum winter wheat is less hardy.
Requirements for conditions.
1). To the warmth - low, begins to germinate 5-7 days after sowing. Germinates at a temperature of + 1 + 2 * C, tillering (September) - + 10 + 12 * C. It tolerates frost worse than winter rye. Requirements for heat during flowering and ripening up to 30 * C. More than 30 * C - comes through the grain (incomplete pollination)
2) to moisture - more drought-resistant. More moisture - in the period of going into the tube, earing.
3) to the soil - grows well on sod-podzolic soils, pH 6-7.5. Does not tolerate acidic soils. Grows poorly on light, sandy and sandy loam soils.
Varieties. Included in the state register, they have a high potential yield - 80-100c / ha. Tarasovskaya 29, Zarya, Inna. For the NW region: Mironovskaya 808, Moscow low-stemmed, Moscow 39.
Place in the crop rotation.
Placed in field crop rotations. Demanding on her predecessors. In areas with sufficient moisture - busy steam. In areas with insufficient moisture - pure vapors, non-vapor predecessors - many. herbs, buckwheat, millet, peas ..
Fertilizers
Gives a high yield when using organic fertilizers, mineral fertilizers, and liming. Fertilization Dates - Busy Steam
Organic is applied to vapors, lime to steam or to a steamed crop
Busy couple (pea-oat mixture) - organic matter and lime are introduced under the steamed crop.
1.Main - in summer R-K for plowing, nitrogen or complex for presowing cultivation, but nitrogen fertilizers - 20% of the total dose
2.Priosevnoe - R - 20kg / ha d.v.
3. Top dressing - in the spring at the beginning of the growing season, nitrogen no more than 60 kg / ha d.v
Pure steam - organic since autumn, RK - for the cultivation of pure steam in summer. Foliar dressing with urea in the earing phase to increase the baking quality of grain.
Soil cultivation.
Depends on the predecessor.
Pure steam - processing begins in the fall - peeling and autumn plowing to full depth.
In spring and summer
1 early spring harrowing or cultivation with harrowing to cover moisture.
2 One or two cultivations with harrowing as weeds appear.
3 In June - application of organic fertilizers, lime, plowing of steam to 2/3 of the depth of the plow layer
4 As weeds appear - 1-2 cultivations with harrowing
5 Application of R-K one month before sowing
6 Second plowing of steam to the full depth of the plow layer
7 As weeds appear - 1-2 cultivations with harrowing
8 Seedbed cultivation with leveling and reconsolidation
Busy couple
1.Adding R-K after harvesting the crop
2.Plowing
-
harrow cultivation
5.Application of nitrogen fertilizers
6.Preplant cultivation
Perennial herbs.
-
Disking
2. Adding R-K after harvesting the crop
3. Plowing
4.1-2 cultivations with harrowing
5. Application of nitrogen fertilizers
6. Presowing cultivation
In arid regions, early fallows do not plow since autumn, but are processed with flat cutters.
Seed preparation for sowing.
For sowing, it is necessary to use the seeds of a rolling stock, that is, the harvest of the previous year, since freshly harvested seeds have a reduced germination capacity, they have not passed the post-harvest ripening period. Preparation methods for sowing are the same as for spring crops. In the CZ, fresh seeds can be used for sowing.
Sowing winter wheat. Sowing method - ordinary, narrow-row.
Sowing terms - depending on the growing area - 45-60 days before the end of the autumn growing season. ... The best sowing time is the period when the average daily air temperature is set at + 14 + 17 * C. In NZ - August 10-30. CHZ - August 20 - September 1.
PC = 6-7 mln. seeds per hectare - NZ
PC = 4-4.5 mln. seeds per 1 ha - ChZ
Sowing methods are like rye. Embedding depth - 6cm (NZ), 4-5cm (CZ).
Crop care.
1. rolling after sowing
2. Spraying in the tillering phase with foundation 0.6 kg / ha - against snow mold, powdery mildew.
3Spring - carry out nitrogen fertilization at the beginning of the spring growing season
4 harrowing - to remove dead residues and improve the water-air regime.
5When the fields are heavily infested, chemical treatment with herbicides is carried out.
6 Against lodging of winter rye, the crops are treated with a retardant - Tur 2-3l / ha - in the phase of the beginning of tube emergence. In the central regions, herbicides (agritox, lontrel) have been used since autumn.
Cleaning - Should be carried out at the optimal time, when the grain is over-grown, it crumbles heavily. The harvesting method is one-phase at the beginning of the full ripeness of the grain.
1.73
2.93 3.75 4.5N Dry 6nom * ssi, 1 s I ha Bui: mth sk.shi
I.9Ü
2.78 ЗМ - ", 53 Swatch fiomass, g s] ha
5.41
slope
Rice. - Dependence of the yield of spring soft wheat on the amount of accumulated dry biomass when grown on slopes of various exposures in the forest-steppe of the Orenburg Cis-Urals
Analysis of the dependence of the accumulation of dry biomass on the seeding rate showed that its maximum amount was formed on the western slope when sowing 4.5 million (4.61 tons per hectare), on the eastern slope when sowing 4.8 million (4.74 tons per hectare). 1 ha).
Correlation-regression analysis of the dependence of the yield of spring soft wheat on the amount of accumulated dry biomass in the heading phase showed that it was more pronounced on the western exposure of the slope (lukh = 0.851; d = 72.36%) (Table 4). On the eastern slope, the relationship between the yield of spring wheat and dry biomass was weaker - the correlation ratio was 0.755, the coefficient of determination was 57.04%.
Regardless of the slope exposure, an increase in the amount of accumulated dry biomass of spring soft wheat in the heading phase led to an increase in its yield: on the eastern slope - from 1.16 to 1.34 tons per hectare (2.12-5.37 tons per hectare) , on the western slope - from 0.87 to 1.32 tons per hectare (1.90-5.41 tons per hectare) (Fig.).
Conclusions. The parameters of weather factors affecting the formation of dry biomass by crops of spring soft wheat are ambiguous depending on the exposure of the slope. On the eastern slope, these connections were strong
her than on the western slope. On the eastern exposure of the slope, the amount of accumulated biomass was largely determined by the amount of precipitation (Rx = 0.930) and SCC (Rx = 0.904), on the western exposure - by precipitation (Rx = 0.824) and the average daily air humidity deficit Hx = 0.791).
The yield of spring bread wheat on the western slope is more strongly associated with dry biomass (wy = 0.851) than on the eastern slope (wy = 0.755).
Hence, it follows that the conditions for the formation of the yield of spring soft wheat on the eastern and western slopes require a different approach when choosing the applied agrotechnical methods.
Literature
1. Abdulvaleev R.R., Trots V.B. Spring wheat on the slopes of the Bugulma-Belebey Upland // Bulletin of the Ulyanovsk State Agricultural Academy. 2015. No. 3 (31). S. 6-10.
2. Musokhranov V.E. Increasing the productivity of slope lands. Barnaul: Alt. book publishing house, 1979, 91 p.
3. Konovalov Yu.B. Formation of ear productivity of spring durum wheat and barley. Moscow: Kolos, 1981.175 p.
4. Besaliev I.N. The influence of predecessors and mineral fertilizers on photosynthetic parameters, production process, yield and quality of spring wheat seeds in the steppe zone of the Southern Urals: author. diss. ... Cand. s.-kh. sciences. Orenburg, 1999.26 p.
5. Dospekhov B.A. Field experiment technique. M .: Agropromizdat, 1985.351 p.
Cultivation of spring durum wheat in the conditions of the Rostov region
N.N. Voshedsky, Candidate of Agricultural Sciences, A.V. Grinko, Candidate of Agricultural Sciences, FGBNU Donskoy Zonal Research Institute of Agriculture
Spring wheat has been known for a long time. As an independent crop, this wheat entered the practice of agriculture at the turn of the 1st and 2nd millennia A.D. NS. ... Breeding work on this crop in the world and in Russia began in the 18th century.
Durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf.) In the Russian Federation is represented mainly by spring forms. In terms of its importance, it is the second culture after a soft one for many
countries of the world, its area occupies about 10% of the sowing of soft wheat, and the world grain production reaches 15-20 million tons. A significant contribution to the creation of new varieties of spring durum wheat in recent years has been made by breeders of the Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution "DZNIISH" headed by A.I. Grabovets.
Spring wheat in Russia is an important food crop. The cultivation of this wheat is economically justified, since the need to import grain for the pasta industry is completely eliminated. The biological value of durum wheat grain cannot be
replaced or compensated for by soft wheat. It is no coincidence that in some countries (for example, in France) the production of pasta from soft wheat is prohibited by law.
The grain of durum wheat, containing only 2% higher protein than the grain of soft wheat, gives a 10% higher yield of grains and semi-brittle ones. With a yield of 20 c / ha, 100 kg of valuable raw materials for the pasta industry are additionally obtained from each hectare. Spring wheat of the genus Triticum L. includes about 30 species, of which only five are represented exclusively by winter forms and are not found in spring crops. Wheat belongs to the herbaceous genus, the cereal or bluegrass family.
Two types of spring wheat are cultivated in Russia: hexaploid (42 chromosomes in somatic cells) soft wheat (T. aestivum L.) and tetraploid (28 chromosomes) hard wheat (T. durum Desf.).
According to morphological features such as spinousness (presence or absence of awns on the spike), pubescence of spikelet scales (naked or pubescent), coloration of the spike (white, red or black), coloration of awns (the same as the coloration of the spike or black), grain color (white or red) - wheat is divided into varieties. Hordeiforme and meleinopus are isolated from durum wheat.
Don breeders, when creating varieties of spring durum wheat, use the hordeiforme variety with a protein content of 16% or more, and gluten - up to 38% (Novodonskaya variety). The structure of the most important organs in wheat is very similar to that of other grain crops of the 1st group.
Spring wheat is a self-pollinating plant of a long day; in the process of growth and development, it goes through the same phases and stages of organogenesis as winter wheat. After germination (stages I and II), spring wheat develops slowly and is more strongly oppressed by weeds than winter wheat.
The root system is fibrous, characterized by weaker development and reduced assimilation ability. The average productive bushiness ranges from 1.22 to 2.0.
Spring wheat is a cold-resistant plant, the grain germinates at a temperature of 2 ° C, and viable seedlings appear at a temperature of 4-5 ° C, the most favorable temperature for germination is 12-15 ° C. For germination of seeds of durum spring wheat, 55–65% of water is required from the mass of dry grain, which is 5–7% more than for soft wheat. The transpiration coefficient for durum wheat is 406.
Durum wheat is less susceptible to soil drought than soft wheat. It also tolerates air drought better, especially during the period of grain formation. At the same time, spring wheat is demanding on soil moisture. Water consumption for the formation of 1 centner of grain, depending on weather conditions and cultivation techniques, ranges from 4
up to 32 mm, more often it is 10-15 mm (320-400 mm per 1 ha). The greatest consumption of water occurs in the phase of emergence of plants into the tube and heading - 50-60% of the total demand during the growing season. The tillering and tubing period is a critical period for spring wheat. The lack of moisture in the soil during this period increases the number of sterile spikelets; subsequent precipitation cannot correct the situation.
The amount of moisture loss (transpiration coefficient - water consumption for the formation of a unit of dry matter) is influenced by many factors, agro-climatic and agrotechnical conditions play an important role.
On well-cultivated, highly fertile soils, water consumption for the formation of dry matter is less than on infertile soils.
The relatively high demands of spring wheat on soil fertility stems from its biological characteristics, which is explained by the reduced assimilating ability of the root system. Its nodal roots are formed later, and in years with dry springs, only embryonic roots often develop.In the first period of life, the roots of durum wheat quickly penetrate deeper, in soft wheat they spread more vigorously in width.
The aim of the research is to study the optimization of the elements of the technology of cultivation of spring durum wheat variety Melody Dona, the formation of yield and grain quality, depending on the methods of soil cultivation, seeding rates and the level of mineral nutrition in the Azov zone of the Rostov region.
Material and research methods. For three years (2013-2015), on the basis of the FGBNU "DZNIISH", they developed an improved technology for the cultivation of spring durum wheat of the Melody Dona variety in the Azov soil-climatic zone of the Rostov region, studied a set of technological methods (soil cultivation methods, seeding rates, mineral nutrition) of its cultivation. The climate of the study area is arid, moderately hot, continental. The sum of the average daily air temperatures for the year is 3400 °.
Average annual precipitation is 450-500 mm. During the warm period, they fall out up to 300 mm. The duration of the warm period is 230-260 days, the frost-free period is 175-180 days. ...
The soil of the experimental site is represented by ordinary calcareous medium-thick light clayey chernozem on loess-like loam.
The humus content in the topsoil is 3.4-4.1%, total nitrogen - 0.20-0.25, total phosphorus - 0.16-018, potassium - 2.3-2.4%.
The provision of the arable horizon with mineral nitrogen and mobile phosphorus is low, exchangeable potassium is medium and high.
The bulk density of the arable layer in the undisturbed state is 1.26 g / cm3, the maximum moisture capacity is 36% of the soil mass, and the porosity is 61.5%.
The experimental plot for spring durum wheat of the Melody Dona variety included three methods of basic soil cultivation: surface, chisel, and moldboard plowing. The predecessor is winter wheat after fallow.
Surface tillage was carried out to a depth of 12-14 cm with a BDT-3 disc harrow, chisel tillage was carried out to a depth of 25-27 cm with a PCh-2.5 unit, and moldboard tillage was carried out to a depth of 25-27 cm with a PLN-4-35 unit.
Presowing cultivation was carried out with an AKN-5.6 unit to the seeding depth.
The fertilization system included the following options (nutrition levels):
I - control without fertilizers, II - medium (^ P40K40), III - increased (^ P ^ K ^).
The main mineral fertilizer (ammophos) was applied for the main tillage. Nitrogen fertilization (ammonium nitrate) on spring wheat was introduced in the form of additional fertilization in the phase of the beginning of tillering.
In order to determine the effect of the spring wheat seeding rate on the productivity and quality of the crop, the seeding rate was studied from low -3 million pcs / ha to high - 5 million pcs / ha. Sowing of the studied variety of spring wheat Melody Dona was carried out at physical ripeness of the soil, seeding rates were: 3; 4 and 5 million pcs / ha. The repetition is nine times. After sowing, the soil was rolled up. Sowing care consisted in carrying out treatments against weeds, pests and diseases.
The harvest was taken into account in the phase of full ripeness of spring wheat by direct combining with a Sampo-500 combine.
Research results. The data obtained on the productivity of spring wheat Melody Dona indicate that with the dump method of the main tillage on the control (without the use of fertilizers), the highest yield on average for three years (2013-2015) was 17.1 centners / ha at a seeding rate of 5 million pcs / ha.
The greatest responsiveness to fertilizers was noted against a high background in the variant with moldboard plowing and a seeding rate of 5 million pcs / ha. The average yield for three years of testing in general amounted to 23.2 c / ha. At the same time, the lowest yield on this option was obtained with a seeding rate of 3 million pcs / ha, 17.3 c / ha. On the variant where chisel was used as the main soil cultivation, on average for three years on control with a seeding rate of 5 million pcs / ha, the highest yield was obtained - 15.8 c / ha. The highest yield of -21.7 c / ha was obtained with the chisel version of soil cultivation with a seeding rate of 5 million pcs / ha
and on the variant with a high background of mineral nutrition.
On the variant of the experiment, where surface tillage was used as the main soil cultivation, on average for three years under control with a rate of 4 million pcs / ha, the highest yield was obtained - 13.1 c / ha. The same pattern was traced in the high agro background of mineral nutrition, where the highest yield on average for three years was 15.1 c / ha with a seeding rate of 4 million pcs / ha. The lowest yield was obtained in the control with surface tillage, with a seeding rate of 3 million pcs / ha and averaged 12.2 centners / ha over three years. The same pattern was observed against the average background of mineral nutrition.
Analysis of the data in Table 1 made it possible to conclude that the highest yield of spring wheat variety Melody Dona was obtained on options with moldboard tillage and a seeding rate of 5 million pcs / ha, both on control and on various options for mineral nutrition. A similar tendency in yield was observed for the variant with chisel basic tillage.
With surface tillage, such a regularity with the yield was traced at a seeding rate of 4 million pcs / ha.
So, on the variant with an average nutritional level, the highest yield was 14.5 c / ha, and at a high nutritional level - 15.1 c / ha.
Analyzing the data in Table 2, we can conclude that the greatest payback of fertilizers took place with the dump method of tillage and an increase in yield for each added kilogram of NPK for a.i. in the variant of the experiment with an average level of nutrition N0P40K40 and a seeding rate of 5 million pcs / ha of germinating seeds was 4.2 kg.
An increase in the fertilizer dose to N0P80K80 gave an increase of 2.6 kg for each applied kilogram of fertilizer at a seeding rate of 5 million seeds / ha.
When analyzing the increase in yield during chisel tillage, the greatest payback of fertilizers was revealed - 3.4 centners / ha for each applied kilogram of fertilizers with an average agro background with NOP40K40 and a seeding rate of 5 million pcs / ha. With an increase in mineral nutrition up to ^ 0P80K80 per hectare, the increase from each applied kilogram of fertilizers was 2.6 kg at a seeding rate of 4 million pcs / ha.
A similar picture of the return on fertilizer application is emerging in the case of surface tillage. The level of the highest payback in the form of increments from each applied kilogram of fertilizers was 1.3 kg for the NOP40K40 variant and the seeding rate of seeds was 5 million pcs / ha. With an increase in doses of mineral nutrition, a significant payback was not obtained, it was only 0.8 kg for each applied kilogram of fertilizers at a seeding rate of 4 million pcs / ha.
1. Influence of the methods of basic tillage, seeding rates, the level of mineral nutrition on the yield of spring durum wheat variety Melody Dona in 2013—2015, c / ha
Method Rate Yield by years
sowing treatment without fertilization medium - N40P40K40 medium - - ^ 80P80K80 medium -
soils, depth mln pcs / ha 2013 2014 2015 ny 2013 2014 2015 ny 2013 2014 2015 ny
Dump 3 14.9 15.2 13.5 14.5 17.0 17.7 15.5 16.7 17.4 18.3 16.3 17.3
plowing, 4 16.7 15.9 15.2 15.9 19.5 20.2 18.2 19.3 21.3 23.1 20.7 21.7
25-27 cm 5 17.8 17.0 16.5 17.1 22.4 23.0 20.8 22.1 23.0 24.0 22.7 23.2
Chisel 3 13.7 14.8 13.4 13.9 15.6 16.1 14.8 15.5 16.6 17.2 15.5 16.4
processing, 4 15.0 15.1 14.6 14.9 18.1 18.9 17.5 18.2 21.4 23.1 19.1 21.2
25-27 cm 5 16.0 15.7 15.8 15.8 19.9 20.0 19.8 19.9 22.1 22.7 21.3 21.7
Surface 3 12.1 12.8 11.6 12.2 13.5 14.1 13.0 13.5 13.5 14.7 12.9 13.7
processing, 4 13.3 13.0 12.9 13.1 14.7 15.2 13.8 14.5 15.1 16.0 14.2 15.1
12-14 cm 5 13.0 13.3 11.4 12.5 13.9 14.8 13.3 14.0 14.0 15.1 13.4 14.2
NSR05 0.67
2. Efficiency of fertilization on spring wheat variety Melody Dona depending on the method of the main soil cultivation and the rate of seeding, 2013—2015.
Treatment method, depth Standing density, mln. Pcs / ha Fertilizer background Amount No.K, kg / d.v. Yield, c / ha Increase from fertilizers, Payback of 1 kg of fertilizers by an increase in yield, kg
c / ha%
Moldboard plowing, 25-27 cm 3 4 5 without fertilizer - 14.5 15.9 17.1 - - -
3 4 5 ^ 10P40K40 120 16.7 19.3 22.1 2.2 3.4 5.0 15.2 21.4 29.2 1.8 2.8 4.2
3 4 5 - ^ 80P80K80 240 17.3 21.7 23.2 2.8 5.8 6.2 19.3 36.5 37.6 1.2 2.4 2.6
Chisel, 25-27 cm 3 4 5 without fertilizer - 13.9 14.9 15.8 - - -
3 4 5 - ^ 40P40K40 120 15.5 18.2 19.9 1.6 3.3 4.1 11.5 22.1 25.9 1.3 2.8 3.4
3 4 5 - ^ 80P80K80 240 16.4 21.2 21.7 2.5 6.3 5.9 18.0 41.6 37.3 1.1 2.6 2.5
Surface, 12-14 cm 3 4 5 without fertilization - 12.2 13.1 12.5 - - -
3 4 5 - ^ 40P40K40 120 13.5 14.5 14.0 1.3 1.4 1.5 10.6 10.7 12.0 1.1 1.2 1.3
3 4 5 ^ 80P80K80 240 13.7 15.1 14.2 1.5 2.0 1.7 12.3 15.3 13.6 0.6 0.8 0.7
Conclusions. The data obtained on the study of the potential of spring wheat variety Melody Dona in the Azov zone of the Rostov region with various methods of basic soil cultivation, seed seeding rates,different levels of mineral nutrition allow us to draw the following conclusions: the maximum yield of the studied variety of spring wheat is formed by moldboard plowing to a depth of 25-27 cm, the seeding rate is 5 million pcs / ha of germinating seeds, the application of mineral fertilizers at a dose of P80KN
The maximum return on fertilizers was set for the option with moldboard plowing and a background of mineral nutrition ^ 0Р40К40, it was
4.2 kg yield increase for each applied
a kilogram of fertilizers at a seeding rate of 5 million pcs / ha.
Literature
1. Sokol A.A. Don's barley field. Rostov-on-Don: Rostov Book Publishing House, 1985. P. 4-109.
2. Voshedsky N.N. and other Pests and diseases of field crops in the Rostov region. Rostov-on-Don, 2005. P. 6-87.
3. Yankovsky N.G., Dotsenko S.N. Responsiveness of varieties of spring barley for the introduction of mineral fertilizers // Grain economy of Russia. 2013. No. 2 (26). S. 31-33.
4. Climate and agroclimatic resources of the Rostov region. Rostov-on-Don, 2002.
5. Svisyuk I.V. Cultivation of grain crops in a warming climate. M., 2004.S. 19-21.
6. Baranov A.I., Grinko A.V. Influence of herbicides on weediness and yield of spring barley // Grain economy of Russia. 2014. No. 6 (36). S. 22-26.
Winter wheat is a valuable food crop. Irrigation creates excellent conditions for its full growth and normal development, increases its winter hardiness, which ensures good plant vitality.
Winter wheat: the possibility of high yields
Using intensive technologies, in the UK they grow an average of 69.56 c / ha of wheat, and in the Netherlands - 81.2 c / ha. Many farms, which are familiar with the intensive technology of winter wheat cultivation, receive sustainable yields on irrigated lands: 60 or even 70 centners per hectare. The largest harvest reached 92.4 centners per hectare.
Under favorable agroclimatic conditions, a fairly high yield can be quite obtained. Winter wheat thrives on irrigated lands - yields up to one hundred centners per hectare. This crop in irrigated crop rotations is also grown for silage or green fodder, and the area freed up after it is used after mowing for sowing grain, vegetable and fodder plants.
Biological features of growing winter wheat
Wheat belongs to the family of cereals; by winter it sprouts, bushes and undergoes autumn hardening. After overwintering, the development of plants continues. The differentiation of the growth cone begins. Its strong growth depends on the strength of the leaves and roots, on the water content of the tissues. Full saturation of cells with water is necessary to maintain their turgor, stretch, and increase the number of embryos of future ears. This is a very crucial period for plant life. The critical period in the life of winter wheat lasts from the exit into the tube to the milky ripeness of the grain.
Early watering before laying the embryonic spikelets increases the number of grains, and watering at the beginning of flower formation increases the number of developed flowers. During the period of flowering and fertilization, when the respiration of the plant and the consumption of organic matter increase, plants are especially sensitive to overheating and dry winds. The optimal run-up of air temperatures in this period is 14-19 ° С, at a temperature of 35 ° С photosynthesis is greatly reduced in plants, the yield decreases to 20, and at 40 ° С - to 50%. Also negatively low air humidity and dry wind act. Growing winter wheat against the background of exposure to high temperatures and such air humidity requires close attention.
Top dressing of winter wheat
Winter wheat has a rather long growing season, which allows it to use nutrients from the soil more fully. However, her need for nutrients is different, depending on the period of plant development.Therefore, feeding winter wheat in the spring is advisable.
Nitrogen is necessary during the growing season, but plants assimilate it most intensively in the phases when they go out into the tube and spike. Top dressing of winter wheat is important in early spring, it is at this time, due to low temperatures and possible waterlogging of soils, nitrification processes can be suppressed, and water leaches nitrate nitrogen into deeper soil layers, plants can experience nitrogen starvation even on well-supplied soils. This explains the high efficiency of the result when winter wheat is fed correctly in spring.
During the germination period and at the beginning of development, wheat has a high need for phosphorus nutrition, this stimulates the normal development of the root system. With a good supply of moisture, the roots can penetrate to a depth of more than 1 meter in the fall, which contributes to the frost resistance of winter wheat. Phosphorus enhances the degree of differentiation and a large number of grains per ear. Its deficiency at the beginning of growth cannot be compensated for by any increased supply of this fertilizer to plants at a later date.
The lack of easily assimilable potassium in the soil during the period from the beginning of the growing season to the flowering of wheat leads to a significant lag in plant growth and to a lag in plant development - they become more sensitive to fluctuations in soil temperature and moisture. A satisfactory supply of phosphorus and potassium to plants in autumn increases the winter hardiness of winter wheat, and a sufficient supply of nitrogen increases the protein content in the grain. An excess of the latter, as well as excessive soil moisture, leads to lodging of plants.
Winter wheat varieties
Breeders always have an individual approach to the regions. Winter wheat varieties grown under irrigation conditions should be noted for a high response to fertilizers, additional soil moisture, as well as resistance to lodging and fungal diseases.
The best for wheat are chestnut and chernozem soils, which are medium in texture and well aerated. That is, winter wheat is demanding on the soil. Unsuitable for it - saline, overconsolidation and wetlands. Modern varieties of winter wheat used depending on the region are as follows:
- Tarasovskaya spinous - cultivated in the Voronezh and Rostov regions.
- Rosinka Tarasovskaya is a high-yielding variety.
- Prestige - for regions with late frosts (the Volga region, the republics of the North Caucasus).
- Severodonetsk jubilee (grown in the Kuban, in the Krasnodar Territory, in the Rostov lands, in the republics of the North Caucasus).
- The Tarasovsky spring is grown in the south.
- Augusta is a drought-resistant variety.
- Governor of the Don.
- Don 105.
- Kamyshanka-3 - cultivated in the Lower Volga region.
- Nemchinovskaya-57 and 24.
- Moscow-39 and 56.
- Galina.
The last varieties in this list are bred for non-black earth, their grain has high baking qualities.
Winter wheat fertilization
With the correct application of fertilizers in irrigated agriculture, the yield increases from 40 to 70%. Fertilizers for winter wheat dramatically increase the yield as well as the quality of the grain. In the experiments of the Institute of Agriculture on irrigated lands, the winter wheat yield increased from 28.3 to 51.9 centners per hectare.
The increase in yield from the optimal rate of nitrogen fertilizers in the south of the country was 10-10.6, from phosphorus - 1.2-1.6, and from their combined effect - 12.1-16.9 c / ha. -reacts differently to individual batteries. According to the conclusion of scientists, potash fertilizers should be applied only when the soil contains less than 300 mg / kg of mobile potassium.
The rate of application of fertilizers is calculated by the balance method, based on the level of the planned harvest, the presence of nutrients in the soil and the coefficient of their assimilation by plants.Weediness of winter wheat significantly reduces the efficiency of the applied fertilizers, the yield reduction reaches 12-15%.
An important reserve for increasing the efficiency of the use of various fertilizers for winter wheat is their very even distribution across the field. This condition must be approached carefully. Nitrogen fertilizers for winter wheat should be used selectively, taking into account the local soil and climatic conditions, as well as the biology of cultivated varieties, the size of the planned yield.
When grown on heavy and medium soils with a very deep groundwater and low nitrogen content in the soils, it is better to apply fertilizer in pieces - two-thirds of the norm for the main cultivation, and the rest - for top dressing at the end of spring tillering.
Losses of nitrogenous fertilizers are possible on light soils, as well as on heavy soils, with rather close occurrences of groundwater, therefore, 30% of its annual rate must be used for pre-sowing cultivation, the rest - in the spring for top dressing. In areas where nitrogen reserves in the soil are increased, it is impractical to apply nitrogen fertilizers in autumn, as this will lead to overgrowth of plants, thickening of crops. In such cases, 40% of the annual nitrogen requirement is applied in early spring, and 60% later.
Scientists from Germany, Belgium, Great Britain and Austria believe that in order to obtain 80-95 c / ha of winter wheat, it is undesirable to apply nitrogen fertilizers in the pre-sowing period, therefore, it is recommended to distribute the entire nitrogen norm for 3-4 feeding, and the use of fertilizers should be combined with the introduction of fungicides.
To improve the quality of grain, sowing of winter wheat is fed with urea in the heading phase. In Germany, liquid manure is applied under winter wheat at the rate of 20-30 cubic meters per hectare, it is used before sowing or during the growing season of plants. Scientists from France and the United States claim that to obtain a yield of more than 80 c / ha, it is imperative to use, together with irrigation water, foliar dressing with liquid fertilizers for a complex type crop, which consist of macro- and microelements (Zn, Mg, Fe, B). Such feeding of winter wheat improves the quality of the crop and ensures its growth by 2-6 centners per hectare.
Sowing wheat
The cross-sowing method on each hectare saves 50-60 kilograms of seeds, the increase in grain yield, in comparison with the narrow-row sowing method, reaches seven centners per hectare. Therefore, winter wheat is sown in cross, narrow-row, belt and spreading methods. The most common common technique is with row spacing of 15 cm, observing tramlines.
When semi-dwarf winter wheat is cultivated on the farm, three-row belt sowing is recommended, which provides an increase in yield compared to row sowing. Two-tier sowing has also proven itself, which is carried out with a mixture of seeds of dwarf and ordinary varieties. Due to the layers and the improvement of the sowing structure, the phytoclimate is improved by 10-15%, which leads to a more complete, economical and productive use of moisture reserves, a decrease in the negative effects of high temperatures, while the resistance of wheat against, for example, root rot increases by 8-24%.
The winter wheat yield is highly dependent on the sowing time. Every day of the lost time reduces the grain yield by 20-60 kg. Sowing winter wheat must be done on time. Sowing in October especially sharply reduces the yield; short-stemmed varieties that require earlier dates react most to this. Small seeds should be sown shallow, and large ones deeper. Shallow planting of seeds in the soil, carried out by pneumatic seeders or combined units, contributes to a rather significant increase in the yield of the cultivated crop.
Seeding rates in principle depend on the variety, seed size, sowing time and growing region.The sowing rate of seeds must also be differentiated depending on the degree of weediness of the field itself.
Crop care
Crop care includes packing, top dressing, spring harrowing, lodging control, as well as weeds, various pests and diseases. In areas with sufficient snow cover, snow retention should be carried out, which improves wintering of plants and increases moisture reserves in the soil. Spring crop care begins with fertilizing and harrowing seedlings. In the fields that are prepared for vegetative irrigation, harrowing should be carried out taking into account the peculiarities of the irrigation network. If there are irrigation strips, it is necessary to harrow only along the sowing; on the border, the best results are obtained by harrowing with a rotary hoe.
In the presence of weeds in crops, winter wheat should be treated with herbicides. Before the plants emerge into the tube, the crops are sprayed. During the same period, crops must be treated against powdery mildew or brown rust. Diseases of winter wheat are treated with systemic drugs, these are Baylonomil and Fundazol.
If in crops there are bugs-turtles, aphids, trips, piyavitsy, then use the means "Metaphaz" or "Phosphamide", 40%. The operations for the care of wheat crops must be combined and carried out two or three times, which saves money, labor and time. It is advisable to cultivate crops during irrigation, combining the introduction of the above drugs with irrigation water.
A decrease in the yield of winter wheat depends on the intensity and duration of lodging of crops and can reach 25-50% under irrigation conditions, the cost of labor and funds for harvesting grow three times, and the quality of the crop is sharply reduced. The use of TUR on irrigated lands is mandatory, the optimal rate of the drug is three kg / ha of a.i. Processing is carried out at the end of tillering. On varieties prone to lodging, a larger rate is introduced, and on others - a smaller one. TUR processing of short-stemmed varieties of winter wheat is impractical.
Irrigation
Irrigation is the main factor in the high yield of winter wheat in all regions of its cultivation. Increasing the grain yield by irrigation is a technology for growing winter wheat, while the efficiency of irrigation of a crop increases when it works together with fertilizers.
When growing winter wheat, it is necessary to ensure optimal soil moisture to obtain friendly seedlings and normal autumn plant development. This is achieved by pre-sowing or traditional irrigation. Their value is not the same in different zones of agriculture. In areas where precipitation falls frequently in autumn and deeply soaks the soil until spring, the intensity of irrigation decreases. In areas with dry autumn and insufficient soil moisture with autumn rains, watering is critical for high yields of winter wheat.
When establishing the irrigation rate, it is necessary to take into account the depth of the salt horizons and the level of groundwater. Irrigation water should not reach the saline horizon, since salts dissolved in it can rise with capillary current and saline the soil layer where the roots are located. Watering is ineffective when the water table is close. Excessive watering rates can cause waterlogging of the soil. Watering is effective when the depth of groundwater is 3 m or more. At a depth of up to one and a half meters, watering is replaced by soil irrigation before planting. The need for watering after germination arises in dry autumn conditions and on lands with deep groundwater levels. The timing of irrigation should be determined by the time of sowing winter wheat, the availability of water, irrigation equipment and the time of harvesting the crop.
Harvesting
The optimal harvesting period for winter wheat is the so-called waxy ripeness of the wheat grain. This stage occurs when the dry matter content of the grains is already high.Senikation (spraying before harvesting) crops contributes to better crop maturation, increases the yield of winter wheat, so you need to try to harvest in a short time and with the lowest possible losses.
Prompt harvesting will reduce crop losses and maintain the high quality of the resulting grain. It should be remembered that a delay in harvesting winter wheat for more than ten days leads to an inevitable decrease in the grain yield by seven centners per hectare, while the protein content in the grain decreases by one and a half percent.
Ecological approach
The cultivation of winter wheat implies, like any agricultural production, many factors:
- natural resources - direct solar energy, atmospheric heat, water in the form of precipitation, soil;
- direct energy consumption for the production of products for a specific technology or for an enterprise;
- indirect costs of energy that are used in the technologies of cultivating plants in the field, collecting, processing and storing products.
There is a tendency in the world to overspend energy capacities. For an increase of 1% of the gross product in the countryside, the use of energy is increased by 2-3%. Tilling the soil with traditional methods is the most costly. This technology over the past years has led to a decrease in humus and soil degradation. World trends in the development of winter wheat, changes in cultivation technologies indicate the way to economical farming.
More than 124 million hectares of land in the world have been converted to gentle technologies. One of the measures to improve energy efficiency and energy saving is the arrangement of innovative new farms - models of environmentally and economically efficient production with a concentration of modern energy and resource-saving technologies. These technologies include: mulching crops, direct seeding, efficient irrigation. The development of winter wheat provides for the introduction of these technologies.
The use of waste that is obtained in agriculture is becoming through the implementation of projects for the use of renewable energy sources around the world. In particular, when growing wheat, 2 tons of straw are obtained for each ton of grain. Pre-chopped straw is mainly plowed to restore soil fertility. But some of the straw can also be used to turn it into energy fuel briquettes.
Wheat is the staple food crop in many countries due to the exceptional nutritional value of the grain and its rich composition. Where winter wheat grows well, it is traditionally the leading grain crop. These are the republics of the North Caucasus, Central Chernozem regions, Ukraine. Winter wheat makes good use of the moisture of autumn and spring, bush, ripens very early and suffers much less from drought and dry winds.
