What plants are grown for pet food?

Annual or perennial forage grasses are valuable agricultural crops that are grown for animal feed. They are distinguished by good yield, nutritional value and are very important and versatile in strengthening the forage base. They are grown for green fodder, silage, haylage, hay, grass meal and as pasture crops.

Fodder grass is a valuable food, since it contains proteins, carbohydrates, fiber, various vitamins and minerals, which are so necessary for the normal development and growth of animals. Its economic value depends on its nutritional value, yield, eaten by livestock, as well as its prevalence in different regions.

Types of forage grasses

More than 80 species of this crop are cultivated in our country, and about 5000 grow on natural lands.

All forage grasses are divided into 4 groups:

• legumes;
• cereals;
• sedge;
• forbs.

In terms of life span, fodder grass can be annual or perennial.

Family of leguminous herbs

Leguminous forage grass on the forage lands of our country is found in small quantities, but has rather high forage properties: the culture is rich in protein and is well eaten by animals. The most widespread are clover (red, white, pink), horned lily, yellow alfalfa, meadow rank, etc.

Family of cereal grasses

This group is distributed in almost all zones (except for the desert) and provides most of the yield of pasture fodder or hay (often up to 80-90%). Most cereals have a high nutritional value, especially when young. During the hay harvest during drying, these herbs retain their leaves, which are the most valuable parts. The most widespread are such cereals as feather grass, creeping wheatgrass, pinworm, etc.

Sedge forage grasses

This group of grasses includes plants from the families of the rump and sedge. These crops are considered to be of little value in terms of fodder and are rather poorly eaten by animals, but in the northern regions of the forest zone they often make up the bulk of hay (sedge, slender sedge, and others). And in the desert and semi-desert, many sedges are a valuable food plant.

Herbs

This group includes all other botanical plant families. Forbs - Meadow forage grasses, which sometimes can account for up to 60-70% of the herbage. Most of them are of great economic importance. Plants from this group are more nutritious than cereals, but most of them are much worse eaten by animals because of the bitter taste, thorniness, pubescence, etc. A small content of forbs (cuffs, dandelion, caraway seeds, etc.) in the herbage (up to 20%) - a desirable impurity, since it helps to improve the mineral composition of the feed and its consumption by livestock.

A large number of grasses of this group in the herbage for hay production is extremely undesirable, because:

• it replaces the more valuable legumes and cereals;
• Among the forbs, there are many weeds (field bindweed, yellow thistle, etc.) and poisonous (poisonous buttercup, hellebore, poisonous milestones, aconite, etc.) plants.

Fodder annual grasses

The peculiarity of annual forage grasses is that their development cycle ends within a year, and they die off. They are sown to obtain greens for feeding, for silage, as well as for obtaining a concentrated feed. Annual grasses give high yields of green mass, have a fairly high nutritional value, and have a short growing season.

Due to the fact that the mowing ripeness of plants occurs in about 50-60 days, these crops are indispensable in intermediate crops, in a busy fallow.

Annual grasses are classified into two types:

• legumes;
• bluegrass (cereal).

Annual legume forage crops are sown in early spring. The most valuable plants are spring and winter vetch, rank, fodder lupine, and seradella.

Annual cereal grasses are more thermophilic; they are planted in well-warmed soil after sowing early spring grain crops. The most valuable are: Sudanese grass, mogar, sorghum, annual ryegrass, chumiza, African millet and others.

Perennial forage grasses

Perennial forage grasses are herbaceous sowing plants with a lifespan of more than one year. Raised for livestock feed.

The culture includes more than 50 plant species. They are sown most often in the form of a mixture of grass, which has a positive effect on the quality of forage and soil fertility. They also sow clean crops and create cultivated pastures outside of crop rotations.

In the first year of life, perennial grasses develop rather slowly, become overgrown with weeds and can give a low yield. Therefore, it is recommended to sow them after grain or tilled grain crops, in the soil fertilized with compost or manure.

Perennial forage grasses are also subdivided into:

• Bluegrass (cereal). The most common: timothy grass, awnless fire, pasture ryegrass, wheat grass, high ryegrass, meadow bluegrass, multi-cut ryegrass, rootless wheatgrass, hedgehog, white bent grass, meadow and red fescue, foxtail and others.
• Leguminous herbs: alfalfa, white clover, red clover, pink clover, sainfoin, horned flower.

To create a highly productive herbage, it is necessary to comply with the main agrotechnical methods of crop cultivation.

Goat's rue

Goat's rue is a perennial herb of the legume family. The stem is branchy, erect, usually reaches 1 m in height, and on fertile soils it can grow up to 1.5 m. The root system has a rod type, grows up to 80 cm in depth. Several offspring are formed on the main root. First, they develop horizontally up to 30 cm, then sprout and form new stems.

The leaves of the plant are pinnate petiolate, up to 30 cm long.

Goat's rue is a forage grass with pale purple or blue flowers, similar to bells, which are collected in inflorescence brushes. 3-5 of them can be formed on each stem. Fruiting occurs in September-October.Pods are small in size (2-4 cm in length), dark orange, almost brown, with 3-7 seeds in fruits. The goat's rue is characterized by a rather slow growth, and if it does not grow 20 cm in height by the fall, its harvest is most often transferred to the next year.

Seeds are able to maintain germination quality for up to 8 years.

The goat's rue is a fairly frost-resistant plant that can tolerate well even very harsh winters.

There are 2 known species of this plant: oriental goat's rue (fodder herb) and medicinal.

Annual ryegrass

A very valuable forage plant that provides good quality green fodder and hay. The green mass contains 3.2% protein, 2.3% protein, 8% fiber. It is readily eaten by livestock, in addition, it is a good food for poultry. Hay of annual ryegrass in nutritional properties is not inferior to hay from mogar, Sudanese grass and other cereals. Animals also eat straw well. The annual yield of hay is about 7-8 t / ha, green mass - up to 20-30 t / ha, seeds - 0.5-0.6 t / ha.

Annual ryegrass has a high aftermath; during the growing season it gives 2-3 mows. After the second mowing, the growing aftermath can be used as pasture fodder until late autumn, since it tolerates small autumn frosts well.

Donnik

This is an unpretentious one-year or two-year legume crop that can grow on the poorest, sandy, stony and clay soils, as well as in those areas where there is no fertile layer. The melilot plant is not afraid of saline and saline soils, but it does not tolerate acidic swampy and floating heavy lands, with a close location of groundwater. The root system is strong and well developed, so this herb is able to produce a good harvest in arid zones, where other forage crops burn out. With a sufficient amount of rain, the yield of green mass can reach up to 7-8 t / ha.

The melilot plant is successfully used not only for feed, but also for green fertilization.

Seeds germinate at temperatures from 2 to 50 ° C, seedlings are able to withstand frosts of -6 ... -5 ° C, and some frost-resistant biennial varieties are not afraid of frosts up to 40 ° C.

Melilot is a valuable high-protein forage plant, which nutritionally is not inferior to clover, alfalfa and sainfoin. It can often be found in meadows, wastelands, roadsides.

This drought-resistant, frost-resistant and disease- and pest-resistant plant is suitable for greenery, silage and hay production. It can be grown both in grass mixtures and independently.

Clover white

Grows well on sandy loam, loamy, slightly acidic or neutral soils. In the first year, the grass (clover) is able to bloom and produce seeds. Full development begins in the second year of life. In one place it can grow up to 9-10 years.

Grass (clover) is moisture- and sun-loving, frost-resistant. It grows best in regions with a humid cool climate, where there is no drought.

Sowing white clover is an excellent protein-rich forage plant. Trampling by cattle while grazing does not oppress the plant, but, on the contrary, contributes to its better growth. Planting this legume improves soil fertility. Its inclusion in the composition of a herbal mixture with timothy grass, ryegrass and other plants contributes to an increase in the fodder quality of pasture grass - the content of protein, phosphorus, fat, calcium, potassium increases and the level of fiber decreases. The yield of green mass in meadows is about 60-120 c / ha, hay is about 18-35 c / ha, seeds are 3.0-5.0 c / ha.

Alfalfa

It is a perennial fodder herb of the legume family. It is used both as green forage and for high quality hay production. Alfalfa seeds are also used for medicinal purposes. The culture improves the structure of the soil, as well as enriches the soil with nitrogen, destroys weeds. Differs in high drought resistance and winter hardiness. In the grass stand it can keep up to 10 years or even more.After cutting, it grows back slowly.

This grass prefers fodder chernozems, forest-steppe loams, brown and chestnut sierozem soils and other lime-rich soils. Alfalfa grows poorly on swampy and heavy clay soils.

This plant contains a lot of vitamins and protein. It is well digested by herbivores. Alfalfa seeds are sown either neat or as a mixture.

Annual or perennial forage grasses are valuable agricultural crops that are grown for animal feed. They are distinguished by good yield, nutritional value and are very important and versatile in strengthening the forage base. They are grown for green fodder, silage, haylage, hay, grass meal and as pasture crops.

Fodder grass is a valuable food, since it contains proteins, carbohydrates, fiber, various vitamins and minerals, which are so necessary for the normal development and growth of animals. Its economic value depends on its nutritional value, yield, eaten by livestock, as well as its prevalence in different regions.

Types of forage grasses

More than 80 species of this crop are cultivated in our country, and about 5000 grow on natural lands.

All forage grasses are divided into 4 groups:

• legumes;
• cereals;
• sedge;
• forbs.

In terms of life span, fodder grass can be annual or perennial.

Family of legumes

Leguminous forage grass on the forage lands of our country is found in small quantities, but has rather high forage properties: the culture is rich in protein and is well eaten by animals. The most widespread are clover (red, white, pink), horned lily, yellow alfalfa, meadow rank, etc.

Family of cereal grasses

This group is distributed in almost all zones (except for the desert) and provides most of the yield of pasture fodder or hay (often up to 80-90%). Most cereals have a high nutritional value, especially when young. During the hay harvest during drying, these herbs retain their leaves, which are the most valuable parts. The most widespread are such cereals as feather grass, creeping wheatgrass, pinworm, etc.

Sedge forage grasses

This group of grasses includes plants from the families of the rump and sedge. These crops are considered to be of little value in terms of fodder and are rather poorly eaten by animals, but in the northern regions of the forest zone they often make up the bulk of hay (sedge, slender sedge, and others). And in the desert and semi-desert, many sedges are a valuable food plant.

Herbs

This group includes all other botanical plant families. Forbs - Meadow forage grasses, which sometimes can account for up to 60-70% of the herbage. Most of them are of great economic importance. Plants from this group are more nutritious than cereals, but most of them are much worse eaten by animals because of the bitter taste, thorniness, pubescence, etc. A small content of forbs (cuffs, dandelion, caraway seeds, etc.) in the herbage (up to 20%) - a desirable impurity, since it helps to improve the mineral composition of the feed and its consumption by livestock.

A large number of grasses of this group in the herbage for hay production is extremely undesirable, because:

• it replaces the more valuable legumes and cereals;
• Among the forbs, there are many weeds (field bindweed, yellow thistle, etc.) and poisonous (poisonous buttercup, hellebore, poisonous milestones, aconite, etc.) plants.

Fodder annual grasses

The peculiarity of annual forage grasses is that their development cycle ends within a year, and they die off. They are sown to obtain greens for feeding, for silage, as well as for obtaining a concentrated feed. Annual grasses give high yields of green mass, have a fairly high nutritional value, and have a short growing season.

Due to the fact that the mowing ripeness of plants occurs in about 50-60 days, these crops are indispensable in intermediate crops, in a busy fallow.

Annual grasses are classified into two types:

• legumes;
• bluegrass (cereal).

Annual legume forage crops are sown in early spring. The most valuable plants are spring and winter vetch, rank, fodder lupine, and seradella.

Annual cereal grasses are more thermophilic; they are planted in well-warmed soil after sowing early spring grain crops. The most valuable are: Sudanese grass, mogar, sorghum, annual ryegrass, chumiza, African millet and others.

Perennial forage grasses

Perennial forage grasses are herbaceous sowing plants with a lifespan of more than one year. Raised for livestock feed.

The culture includes more than 50 plant species. They are sown most often in the form of a mixture of grass, which has a positive effect on the quality of forage and soil fertility. They also sow clean crops and create cultivated pastures outside of crop rotations.

In the first year of life, perennial grasses develop rather slowly, become overgrown with weeds and can give a low yield. Therefore, it is recommended to sow them after grain or tilled grain crops, in the soil fertilized with compost or manure.

Perennial forage grasses are also subdivided into:

• Bluegrass (cereal). The most common: timothy grass, awnless fire, pasture ryegrass, wheat grass, high ryegrass, meadow bluegrass, multi-cut ryegrass, rootless wheatgrass, hedgehog, white bent grass, meadow and red fescue, foxtail and others.
• Leguminous herbs: alfalfa, white clover, red clover, pink clover, sainfoin, horned flower.

To create a highly productive herbage, it is necessary to comply with the main agrotechnical methods of crop cultivation.

Goat's rue

Goat's rue is a perennial herb of the legume family. The stem is branchy, erect, usually reaches 1 m in height, and on fertile soils it can grow up to 1.5 m. The root system has a rod type, grows up to 80 cm in depth. Several offspring are formed on the main root. First, they develop horizontally up to 30 cm, then sprout and form new stems.

The leaves of the plant are pinnate petiolate, up to 30 cm long.

Goat's rue is a forage grass with pale purple or blue flowers, similar to bells, which are collected in inflorescence brushes. 3-5 of them can be formed on each stem. Fruiting occurs in September-October. Pods are small in size (2-4 cm in length), dark orange, almost brown, with 3-7 seeds in fruits. The goat's rue is characterized by a rather slow growth, and if it does not grow 20 cm in height by the fall, its harvest is most often transferred to the next year.

Seeds are able to maintain germination quality for up to 8 years.

The goat's rue is a fairly frost-resistant plant that can tolerate well even very harsh winters.

There are 2 known species of this plant: oriental goat's rue (fodder herb) and medicinal.

Annual ryegrass

A very valuable forage plant that provides good quality green fodder and hay. The green mass contains 3.2% protein, 2.3% protein, 8% fiber. It is readily eaten by livestock, in addition, it is a good food for poultry. Hay of annual ryegrass in nutritional properties is not inferior to hay from mogar, Sudanese grass and other cereals. Animals also eat straw well. The annual yield of hay is about 7-8 t / ha, green mass - up to 20-30 t / ha, seeds - 0.5-0.6 t / ha.

Annual ryegrass has a high aftermath; during the growing season it gives 2-3 mows. After the second mowing, the growing aftermath can be used as pasture fodder until late autumn, since it tolerates small autumn frosts well.

Donnik

This is an unpretentious one-year or two-year legume crop that can grow on the poorest, sandy, stony and clayey soils, as well as in areas where there is no fertile layer. The melilot plant is not afraid of saline and saline soils, but it does not tolerate acidic swampy and floating heavy lands, with a close location of groundwater. The root system is strong and well developed, so this herb is able to produce a good harvest in arid zones, where other forage crops burn out. With a sufficient amount of rain, the yield of green mass can reach up to 7-8 t / ha.

The melilot plant is successfully used not only for feed, but also for green fertilization.

Seeds germinate at temperatures from 2 to 50 ° C, seedlings are able to withstand frosts of -6 ... -5 ° C, and some frost-resistant biennial varieties are not afraid of frost up to 40 ° C.

Melilot is a valuable high-protein forage plant, which nutritionally is not inferior to clover, alfalfa and sainfoin. It can often be found in meadows, wastelands, roadsides.

This drought-resistant, frost-resistant and disease- and pest-resistant plant is suitable for greenery, silage and hay production. It can be grown both in grass mixtures and independently.

Clover white

Grows well on sandy loam, loamy, slightly acidic or neutral soils. In the first year, the grass (clover) is able to bloom and produce seeds. Full development begins in the second year of life. In one place it can grow up to 9-10 years.

Grass (clover) is moisture- and sun-loving, frost-resistant. It grows best in regions with a humid cool climate, where there is no drought.

Sowing white clover is an excellent protein-rich forage plant. Trampling by cattle while grazing does not oppress the plant, but, on the contrary, contributes to its better growth. Planting this legume improves soil fertility. Its inclusion in the composition of a herbal mixture with timothy grass, ryegrass and other plants contributes to an increase in the fodder quality of pasture grass - the content of protein, phosphorus, fat, calcium, potassium increases and the level of fiber decreases. The yield of green mass in meadows is about 60-120 c / ha, hay is about 18-35 c / ha, seeds are 3.0-5.0 c / ha.

Alfalfa

It is a perennial fodder herb of the legume family. It is used both as green forage and for high quality hay production. Alfalfa seeds are also used for medicinal purposes. The culture improves the structure of the soil, as well as enriches the soil with nitrogen, destroys weeds. Differs in high drought resistance and winter hardiness. In the grass stand it can keep up to 10 years or even more. After cutting, it grows back slowly.

This grass prefers fodder chernozems, forest-steppe loams, brown and chestnut sierozem soils and other lime-rich soils. Alfalfa grows poorly on swampy and heavy clay soils.

This plant contains a lot of vitamins and protein. It is well digested by herbivores. Alfalfa seeds are sown both in pure form and as a mixture.

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Anonymous

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01 March 21:19

Complain Answer or solution1

Kondratyeva Svetlana

Alfalfa is grown for animal feed. The correct answer is "B". Hay is made from it, which is fed to various animals. In addition, alfalfa is used in medicines. Alfalfa has many varieties, some of which are also grown in our country. Lucerne came to us from the Mediterranean countries.

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Forage crops - agricultural crops grown for animal feed.

Forage crops include perennial and annual forage grasses (for pasture and green summer fodder, green mass for hay, haylage, silage, grass meal), silage crops (corn, sunflower, etc.), fodder root crops (fodder beets, turnips, rutabagas, carrots), fodder melons (pumpkin, vegetable marrow, watermelon).

Forage grasses

All forage grasses are subdivided into four economic and botanical groups: bluegrass, legumes, sedge and forbs. The first two groups include plants from the corresponding families, the sedge group includes species from the sedge and rump family, and plants of all other botanical families are ranked as forbs.

• Perennial legumes. Meadow clover, creeping clover, hybrid clover, alfalfa, sainfoin, sweet clover, horned clover, oriental goat's rue, medicinal goat's rue, perennial lupine.
• Perennial bluegrass grasses. Timothy grass, awnless rump, meadow fescue, hedgehog, wheatgrass, high ryegrass, multiflorous ryegrass (multi-cut ryegrass), rootless wheatgrass, Siberian hair grass.
• Annual legumes. Sowing vetch (spring), furry vetch (winter), pelushka, seradella, crimson clover.
• Annual bluegrass grasses. Sudanese grass, mogar, annual chaff (annual ryegrass).
• Unconventional forage plants. Weirich's highlander, pierced-leaved sylphia, maral root, hard comfrey, olive radish, mallow.

Silage crops

• Corn
• Sunflower
• Kale
• Jerusalem artichoke
• Mustard white
• Winter rape
• Sorghum

Fodder root crops

• Fodder beet
• Sugar beet
• Swede
• Fodder carrots
• Turnips

Fodder tubers

• Fodder potatoes
• Jerusalem artichoke

Fodder melons and gourds

• Fodder watermelon
• Zucchini
• Pumpkin

Grain crops

• Cereals
  • Oats
  • Barley
  • Corn
  • Sorghum
  • Chumiza
  • African millet
• Legumes
  • Peas
  • Horse beans
  • Vika
  • Pelushka
  • Lupine stern

Literature

• Forage crops // Konda - Kun. - M.: Soviet Encyclopedia, 1973. - (Great Soviet Encyclopedia: / Ch. Ed. A. M. Prokhorov; 1969-1978, vol. 13).

Forage crops are plants grown to feed farm animals. They are cultivated in field and fodder crop rotations, as well as in permanent plots. Now, in the conditions of intensive farming, the cultivation of fodder crops is becoming an independent branch - fodder production.

The most numerous group of forage crops is perennial grasses: legumes (red and pink clover, alfalfa, sainfoin, sweet clover, lyadvenets) and bluegrass, or cereals (timothy grass, meadow fescue, awnless bonfire, hedgehog, wheat grass). Perennial grasses are sown neat and in mixtures, for example, clover with timothy grass, alfalfa with wheatgrass. They are used on the vine as pasture fodder and in the form of green mass for the preparation of hay, haylage, silage, flour, pellets and briquettes (see Forage). These feeds are rich in protein (especially legumes), vitamins and mineral salts. In addition, perennial grasses enrich the soil with nitrogen thanks to the nodule bacteria that live on their roots and are able to assimilate nitrogen from the air.

Grasses usually have a fibrous root system, which contributes to the structuring of the soil. Perennial grasses - restorers of soil fertility in crop rotation - increase the content of organic matter, improve its physical properties.

Most types of perennial grasses are moisture-loving plants. With a lack of moisture, they are low-yielding or completely die, therefore, in arid regions, perennial grasses (primarily alfalfa) are grown mainly on irrigated lands.

Of the perennial legumes, the most valuable are red clover and alfalfa. Clover is cultivated mainly in the northern and eastern regions of the country, in regions with a temperate and fairly humid climate, and they get 200-250 centners / ha of green mass (40-50 centners of hay). Alfalfa is sown mainly in the south and west of the country, in the steppe and forest-steppe zones, where it gives high yields. Of the 50 species of alfalfa, blue, or sowing, and yellow, as well as their hybrid forms, are cultivated. Alfalfa produces 2-3 mows or more over the summer. The total harvest of green mass reaches 300-400 c / ha, and with irrigation - 700-800 c / ha.

In the steppe zone, sainfoin, a drought-resistant crop, is also cultivated. In terms of fodder qualities, it is not inferior to alfalfa, it ripens earlier and gives hay 50-70 centners per hectare. In our country, common sainfoin, Transcaucasian and sandy sainfoin are cultivated, as well as hybrids of these species. Sandy sainfoin is distinguished by the greatest drought resistance. In the steppe regions, especially on saline soils, sweet clover is grown. Its nutritional value is lower than that of other legumes, but it tolerates soil salinization well.

Of the perennial bluegrass grasses, the most common is timothy grass - the most important crop in the Non-Black Earth Region and the forest-steppe zone. It is grown mainly in mixtures with other herbs, primarily clover.

There is a lot in common in the agricultural technology of perennial grasses. Most often, they are sown under the cover of other crops, mainly grain crops in spring and winter, but sometimes without a cover - for reliable obtaining of good herbage, especially in arid conditions. The seeds of almost all perennial grasses are very small, and therefore their sowing rates are low, usually up to 10-20 kg / ha (for sainfoin - up to 50-90 kg / ha). Almost all herbs, especially legumes, react negatively to increased soil acidity.

To obtain a good herbage, the soils are fertilized. Phosphorus-potassium fertilizers are mainly applied under leguminous grasses, and high doses of nitrogen are also applied under bluegrass grasses. All legumes are cross-pollinated, therefore, in order to increase the productivity of seeds, bees are taken out for crops during flowering. Various chemicals are used to control pests and diseases, especially in seed plots. Perennial grasses are harvested for feed before flowering.

Annual grasses are sown to provide a green conveyor. They are also used to make hay and other types of feed. From leguminous annual grasses, spring vetch and winter vetch, common peas and pelushka are cultivated. These protein-rich crops are usually sown in mixtures with annual cereals - oats, barley. An annual legume crop - seradella - is cultivated on sandy soils in Belarus and Western Ukraine.

In arid regions, annual drought-resistant grasses are grown - Sudanese grass, sorghum, sorghum-Sudan hybrids, mogar, chumiza, as well as vetch and rank in limited sizes. In many regions, winter rye, millet, soybeans, peas are grown as annual grass for green fodder, as well as a new crop - triticale (a hybrid of wheat and rye). Relatively recently, rapeseed (spring and winter) began to be grown as a fodder crop for obtaining green mass. In areas with mild winters, intermediate crops of winter rye and winter rape are common, providing the earliest food. After their harvesting, various spring crops are sown.

After harvesting winter or early spring crops, crops of early maturing fodder plants are widely used: white mustard, oil radish, winter and spring rape, lupine, etc.

To obtain a succulent feed, fodder root crops are grown: semi-sugar and fodder beets, carrots, turnips, rutabagas (see Root and tuber crops). They feed cattle and sugar beets. For feed, they use fresh root crops, as well as tops, mainly silage. The main crop of this group of plants is fodder beet. Its root crop is large, well stored. The yield reaches 1000 kg / ha. Turnip is an early maturing root vegetable, but it is less nutritious than beets and does not store well. Fodder potato varieties are grown from tubers for fodder.

Forage crops also include silage crops (corn, sunflowers, fodder cabbage, etc.) and grain fodder crops (oats, barley, corn, etc.),

In our country, fodder crops are grown on large areas. Their total sowing area is 67 million hectares, including the area sown for perennial grasses - 26 million hectares, annual grasses - 17 million hectares. Fodder root crops and fodder melons - about 2 million hectares, main grain-fodder crops - 45 million hectares, maize for green mass - 17 million hectares.

Fodder crops are cultivated in all countries where livestock raising is available.

Clover varieties description and photo

Red clover

Red clover is most common in the non-chernozem belt. In the south and southeast of the chernozem strip, clover is sown very little, and there, especially in the southeast, it is unsuitable for field grass cultivation. The southern border of red clover cultivation is carried out as follows: along the southern border of the Volyn region, through the Kiev and Oryol, Ryazan, Tambov, Penza and further to Ulyanovsk, somewhat north of Kazan, to Saranul and Ufa. From this southern border, clover is cultivated everywhere, to our most northern borders, including the Arkhangelsk region.

Southern clovers, for example, Volyn, Kiev and other regions are very different from northern clovers. Clovers from the southern regions (curls) bloom early, can produce two mows in the summer, but the yield of hay is lower than that of northern clovers. However, they are more likely to freeze out. On the contrary, northern clovers tolerate frosty winters well, bloom later, give one cut in summer, but their hay harvest is higher than that of southern clovers. According to the data of the experimental fields of the Leningrad, Moscow and Tula regions, the highest yield and the best endurance were found in the clovers of Perm and Ufa, that is, northern and Central Russian (Oryol region).

Clover soil

Fertile, deep, clayey and loamy soils, with a permeable subsoil, are the most favorable for clover culture. Sandy soils, not too dry, with proper fertilization, are also suitable for cultivating clover on them. Clover fails on moist soils with a waterproof subsoil. In flooded meadows, clover can only be sown if the water has been there for a very short time. The presence of lime in the soil favorably affects the growth of clover.

Clover loves deeper plowing. At the Shatilovo experimental station, after manure steam, after four-plow plowing, clover produced 482 poods in two years, and only 402 pounds in two-plow plowing, that is, 80 pounds less. Fertilizing the field has a strong impact on the clover crop. At the same station, oats were sown, that is, in the third year after fallow. In the case when the steam was fertilized, the harvest of clover hay in two years was almost 8 tons, and when the steam was not fertilized, only 5.5 tons of clover hay were harvested. Clover is sown either over rye or oats.

Sowing clover in spring

On rye, clover is sown as soon as the snow melts from the field, in the morning after freezing, so that it is easier to walk across the field. In this case, no seals are made. Damp, wet earth itself draws in small clover seeds.When sowing on oats, sowing oats should be done as early as possible. Following the embedding of oat seeds, clover seeds are immediately sown and covered with a light harrow. It is very useful to apply another rolling afterwards. For more even clover sowing, a Crohn's planter should be used. In the absence of it, it is recommended to sow clover in two cross-to-cross steps. In more northern regions, clover is sown over rye and oats. In the area of ​​the Shatilovo experimental station, the sowing of oats turned out to be better. Clover in the fields is usually sown in a mixture with timothy, and in meadows and swamps, seeds of other grasses are also mixed with them. The economic life of the clover is two years. The highest yield is usually obtained in the first year of use. In the more western part of Russia, it is often possible to collect two cuttings, while in the eastern part there is usually one cut. Clover of the second year of use is very useful to fertilize with gypsum. Gypsum increases the yield of clover hay over 1 ton 638 kg per tithe. For 1 hectare, 328 kg of gypsum is taken. Gypsum crumbles in the first year of use of the clover after mowing, or in early spring in the second year of use, and is not covered with anything. Gypsum has a good effect only in the first years after the introduction of grass cultivation. Then it stops working. Then you need to fertilize the clover with superphosphate. In the Leningrad Region, superphosphate is scattered superficially over the clover, in early spring, in the first year of using the clover, and is not covered with anything.

Clover Swedish

Clover Swedish is most suitable for the northern part of Russia. The culture of Swedish clover is found in almost all regions of the non-chernozem part of Russia, where it is usually sown in a mixture with red clover, timothy and other herbs. In warmer and drier areas it goes bad, worse than red clover. It is less demanding on the soil than red clover, and it is better tolerated by soils that are shallow and wet, on such soils, or in whole or in part, it replaces red clover. It develops well on clay and loamy soils, as well as on damp meadows and on soils of meadow and moss bogs after they have dried. Sandy and sandy soils, in addition to the appropriate fertilization, must be sufficiently moist. Takes up subsoils and is less permeable to water than is required for red clover. It is bred in short-term mixtures in the fields, and is mainly used in mixtures for variable and permanent meadows. The term of economic use is 3-5 years. The highest yields of hay are obtained from the second year of use. Regrowth after cutting is satisfactory.

Clover white

White clover is rarely bred in the black earth strip and in most cases fails due to drought. White clover is more common in the non-chernozem part of Russia, where it is sown in a mixture with other grasses, although here, too, its culture, in comparison with the culture of red and Swedish clovers, is very limited. It tolerates better than red and Swedish clover, the soils are shallower, poorer and more moist, and thrives well on almost all soils. It fails only on very dry sands and on heavy shrinking clays. It is not very picky about the nature of the subsoil. Especially suitable for pasture mixes, as it grows very well after grazing. The term of economic use is 6-8 years.

Crimson clover

Crimson clover or incarat clover. An annual plant. The distribution has a very limited pass. After experiments with him on some farms b. Livonia region, its crops are discontinued, since it is inferior in yield to red and Swedish clovers. Crimson clover was also of little value in economic terms, and it was tested in Petrovsko-Razumovsky, as well as in the semi-steppe area of ​​the Medveditsa River valley, where it suffered from drought.

Alfalfa sowing when to sow

Alfalfa common Alfalfa crops are concentrated mainly in the black earth part of Russia.Its greatest distribution is observed in the southwestern regions; in the non-chernozem zone, alfalfa was sown almost exclusively in the former. Vistula regions Successful experiments in breeding alfalfa were in the Livonian region. Experiments of sowing alfalfa in the Tver region. did not give completely satisfactory results. In Transcaucasia and especially in Turkestan, alfalfa is widespread. The northern border of alfalfa sowing, based on the available experience and practice, can be determined as follows: it passes through the southern part of the Minsk, Mogilev, Smolensk regions, passes through the Tula and Ryazan regions, from here along the northern part of the Tambov region. goes to the East through the Penza, Ulyanovsk and Samara regions.

Alfalfa tolerates droughts relatively well. Practice of the Saratov region. indicates that alfalfa also tolerates winter frosts, even with little snow. But in the extreme southeast (the south of the Samara and Saratov regions, as well as the cities of the Ural, Astrakhan and Tsaritsyn) alfalfa fails. Here she dies from the harsh snowless winters, from the ice. And if it does overwinter, then from heavy, clayey solonetzic soils of dense and very saline subsoils in 2-3 years it degenerates and disappears. Soils for alfalfa require loose, with the same loose, subsoil permeable to the deep roots of alfalfa, not excessively moist. Soils with a high level of groundwater, slightly swampy, stony, heavy clayey and poor sandy are not very suitable for alfalfa. The presence of lime in the soil responds very favorably to its growth. In the chernozem part of Russia, marly chernozems with borehole marly or calcareous subsoil are the best places for alfalfa. Fertile loams from under oak, linden, maple, in general black forest with a permeable subsoil are also good for her on black soil.

Alfalfa is very sensitive to weeds. Therefore, the field for it must be prepared so that it is free of weeds. Plowing is done as early as possible: at the end of summer or in autumn. Sometimes, first, in the summer, the field is plowed, and then in the fall it is plowed. It is necessary to plow deeper by 20-27 cm. In the spring, if the soil is caked, they first start up an extirpator, and then they harrow and sow. Alfalfa in the western part of its cultivation area is sown most often with a cover plant, in southeastern places it is recommended to sow alfalfa without a cover. As a cover, oats and barley are most often used, less often wheat. Alfalfa is usually sown with ordinary hay, less often with wide-row hay. Drill sowing has an advantage over broadband sowing mainly in that it saves seeds and makes maintenance easier. Wide-row crops have a significant advantage in that they make it even easier to control weeds, and this is especially important for peasant fields. In the southeast, preference should be given to wide-row crops. At the experimental stations there, the following results were obtained:

Alfalfa planting and care

Alfalfa care is as follows. If a crust appears on the field before sprouting, it is destroyed either by light harrowing or a ring roller. Then it is necessary to carry out weeding of weeds by hand with ordinary sowing and "planetary" with wide-row sowing. Finally, starting from the second year, alfalfa is harrowed annually in early spring during the sowing of spring crops, as well as during the summer, after each cut. Harrowing begins in the spring of the second year of alfalfa life. At first, it is produced with lighter harrows of 3-6 tracks, and in the following years it is thoroughly harrowed with 3-6 tracks, with heavy harrows or Randal. Alfalfa is sown either in crop rotation in the fields, or in special areas, the so-called alfalfa. It is sometimes sown neat, sometimes mixed with other herbs. When cultivating alfalfa in the fields in the south, the period of use is determined at 4-5 years and in the southeast in 3-4 years, and in the North. The Caucasus is larger, at 6-7 years old. In Lucerne markets, the period of use is usually longer.Alfalfa suffers greatly from cattle grazing, but if it is necessary to allocate alfalfa for pasture, then it is necessary to take older crops.

Crescent alfalfa

Crescent alfalfa, otherwise called Swedish, yellow alfalfa or burkun, tolerates severe snowy winters, as well as strong and prolonged droughts, It is also very undemanding to the soil, it even goes on alkaline steep hillocks, in the very hot weather, where no grains grow anymore. Only damp soils cannot be tolerated. Based on this, it is especially recommended for our southeast, namely for the southern parts of the Samara and Saratov regions, as well as for the provinces of the Ural, Astrakhan and Tsaritsyn, where the usual sowing of alfalfa fails. Crescent alfalfa can travel further north than common alfalfa. In the chernozem zone of Russia, it is especially suitable for mixtures with cereals, both for cutting and for pastures. In hayfields, it lasts 5-7 years.

Sainfoin photo

Sainfoin is more common in the southwestern and Little Russian regions: Kharkov, Poltava, Kiev, Podolsk and Volyn, it is also found in the Caucasus. Sainfoin grows well on fat soils, rich in lime and with a permeable, also lime-rich subsoil. With regard to soil, the requirements of eeparcet are very similar to those of alfalfa, but different from it in that it tolerates even shallow and lean soils better than alfalfa, if the subsoil is calcareous. Drought tolerates as well as alfalfa. Winter frosts withstands worse than alfalfa, requiring good snow cover. Suffers from late spring frosts. The sainfoin gives the greatest cuttings in the second, third years; the term of use is 4-5 years, in the southeast it is shorter and only under especially favorable growth conditions for 10 or even more years. It is used in mixtures for crop rotation for the purpose of long-term use of herbs.

Vika sowing photo

Common vetch is widespread almost throughout the European part of Russia, mainly in the non-chernozem zone. On chernozem, vetch is cultivated mainly in the central agricultural regions. Sandy loam, loamy and clayey soils, although not particularly rich, give good mowing of the vetch. On calcareous, not very dry soils, it also gives good yields. Carries out the soil to damp. Vetch is an annual plant. It is used for sowing on hay or green forage in the fields in a spring wedge or with a busy fallow. When permanent and variable meadows are established, it is used as a preliminary crop during the initial cutting of a meadow or swamp, and then it is used as a cover plant for sowing grasses. Sowed in a mixture with other herbs.

Vika shaggy

Vetch shaggy (black, sandy) on the Poltava experimental field gave high mows. Successful experiments in breeding it are available in the Tver province. There are indications that it tolerates frosts of 20 ° even without a good snow cover.

Seradella sowing

Seradella (annual plant) is distributed in Minsk, Chernigov and Gomel regions. It is not demanding on the soil. It can go on sandy dry soils, but here its full yields are obtained when ethn soil is fertilized. Seradella is sown in spring in rye or in spring. It is sown into rye in early spring, it is sown even when the snow melts. At the same time, if the soil immediately dries up in the spring, then it is necessary to make a small seeding of the seeds with a harrow: on sandy soils in one or two tracks, and on more coherent soils it is stronger. Sowing is done scattered, or even better ordinary, between the rows of rye seedlings, or across the rows. For spring crops, it is better to sow seradella with barley, but you can also sow oats. After the cover plant is removed, the seradella grows quickly and produces good hay mowing by September.

Gray peas cultivation

Belyushka (gray peas) is bred in Leningrad, Pskov and some other western regions. It is undemanding to the soil, it tolerates dry sandy soils better than vetch and therefore successfully replaces it on these soils.It is sown for the same purposes as vetch vulgaris.

Awnless bonfire

Its culture is spread mainly in the chernozem central agricultural and in the Volga lips. In the non-chernozem zone, it has recently begun to spread more and more when seeding meadows; he is not afraid of frost, why he can get divorced in our North, inclusive, for example, to the Arkhangelsk lips. The awnless bonfire tolerates droughts well and therefore should be of particular importance for the south of Russia. The best soils for it are light loam and sandy loam, rich in humus. It gives excellent harvests on sandy and sandy floodplains of large rivers and their tributaries. It will be poorly born on dense clays, on unfertilized sands and on acidic soils. The subsoil must be permeable to water. The proximity of groundwater, especially stagnant water, is detrimental to growth. It cannot breed on solonetzic soils and solonetz soils. The term of economic use is 6-10 years, and under good growth conditions even up to 20 years. In drier places, the period of economic use is shorter and vice versa, in more humid areas it is more durable. The highest yield is obtained from the third year of use. Regrowth after mowing is good. Horse cereal, rhizome. Awnless fire is sown in spring as early as possible. Sowing it is done with a cover plant, which is best to take oats. In the southeast, a fire is made in the following way: as soon as the snow melts, a fire is spread, then, when the field can be harrowed, oats are sown and harrowing is carried out. At the same time, oats are taken, instead of the usually sown ISO kg (8 poods) per tithe, only 80-100 kg. If the summer turns out to be dry, then the oats are mown for hay until the grain ripens; otherwise, the fire may die due to lack of moisture. Sowing of a fire is usually done scattered, but with well-cut soil, ordinary and wide-row ones are used with a row-to-row distance of 8 vershoks.

Bonfire awnless care

With wide-row sowing of an awnless fire, in the case of the appearance of weeds, it is easy to deal with them by processing row spacings. Caring for a fire consists in harrowing it in early spring in the first year of use, that is, in the second year after sowing. But harrowing is done with a light harrow in 1 track, and in the following years they are harrowed with heavy harrows in 2-3 tracks. Cattle on the aftermath of the fire, allowed, starting from 2-3 years of his life. Grazing in wet weather with wet soil should be avoided. When the fire begins to feel overwhelmed, zero is allowed under the pasture. In Saratov, for example, lips. quite often it happens like this: for the first 4 years the fire is used for hay, for the next 2-8 years it is used for pasture.

Wheatgrass plant

Zhitnyak is suitable for breeding in the arid areas of the Southeast; it does not enter the north of Syzran. Its crops are found in Zap. Siberia. It develops well in the chestnut and southern brown and light lands. Sandy soils and salt licks give good harvests of corn crops. Wheatgrass does not tolerate acidic soils. Snowless and the most frosty winters, the wheat grows on ice without any damage. It tolerates spring frosts well. Of all the perennial grasses, wheatgrass is almost the most resistant to drought. It is quite durable, but gives the best yields of hay in the 3-4th year. After that, its mowing falls, but it is heavily thinned out only from the age of 7. The wheatgrass is sown in the spring, but in places with very dry springs it is better to sow it in the fall, so that it has time to rise and get stronger before the frost. Sowing is done with and without a cover plant. Both drill and spread sowing is used. The embedding of seeds should be shallow. If a crust appears in the spring, in the first year of life, a crust should be broken. If the seeds have just begun to germinate, then light harrowing can be used, but when there are already large sprouts, then you need to use a roller with blunt protrusions. In the second and subsequent years of life, harrowing is used in the spring. Wheat grass produces 1 cut per summer.Wheatgrass is sown in a crop rotation or in separate plots. At the Krasnokutskaya op. drill sowing stations yielded a lower yield than widespread sowing. On heavily weedy and floating soils, wheatgrass should be sown wide-row at 35 cm.

Sudanese grass description and photo

Sudanese is an annual herb that is demanding for warmth. It gives good hay mowing in the Ukraine (except for the Chernigov obb.), In the Crimea, in the Don and Kuban regions, the Mountain Republic, in the lower Volga region, starting from the Ulyanovsk obb. to the south, in the Tatrespublika and the Ural region. The Sudanese can go north as far as places where corn can grow — even a little further north. Sudanka is very drought-resistant. In this respect, it surpasses all other herbs in our south and southeast. In summer, after mowing, it grows back quickly. Even in the driest years, the Sudanese woman produces several mows — it provides at least 2.2-3 tons of hay per hectare, while in wet years it gives 5.8 tons or more. Damp and too heavy or very sandy soils are unsuitable for cultivating Sudanese. The best soils for Sudanese are rich, loamy-chernozem. Plowing for Sudanese is done in autumn, and in the spring, the field is harrowed early. Sowing of Sudan is late, at the same time as corn and millet, when the ground warms up well and matinees are held. Sowing is scattered, but even better is ordinary, and in the dry southeast even wide-row with a row spacing of 27-36 cm. Seed embedding is 2-3 cm, very deep, embedding harms Sudanese seedlings. Seedlings are at first very tender and are afraid of weeds. Processing of row spacings responds very well to the harvest. Sudan after bevel grows well. She can give two cuts, and the third goes to the sylos. In some cases, the second cut is also used for silage.

Mogar plant

Mogar, due to its drought tolerance, is suitable for millet. It is sown simultaneously with millet, and its culture is similar to that of millet.

Grain sorghum growing technology

Sorghum is a plant of the south and southeast. It produces a large cut of green forage. At the Bezenchukskaya station, in this respect, it turned out to be higher than corn and mogar. Sorghum produced 22 tons of green mass per hectare. Corn gave green mass per hectare. 19.8 tons. Mogar gave green mass per hectare. 15.8 tons.

For silage, sorghum is considered to be no worse than corn. Sorghum is sown together with millet. The best sowing is wide row. Scattered crops and ordinary continuous row crops in the arid Volga region easily burn out. The care consists in a shelf of weeds and in one or two times a summer.

Timofeyevka meadow photo

Timothy grass is widespread throughout Russia, with the exception of the most southern and southeastern regions. The southern border of its profitable cultivation in the fields, that is, the border to the south of which it is unreliable, passes approximately through Akhtyrka and Sumy, Kharkov region, goes to Voronezh, Kozlov, Penza, Bugulma, Ufa. To the south of this border, its seedlings can be somewhat secured by sowing, not by spring, but by winter in autumn, which makes it possible for it to strengthen in autumn and, thanks to winter moisture, develop satisfactorily in spring. In this case, clover should be sown to it in the spring. In the Saratov, Samara, Simbirsk regions. it is completely unreliable; the hay is rough, the aftermath grows poorly and produces very little foliage. It quickly degenerates from grazing. The best yields are obtained on fresh, sweaty with a sufficient amount of humus, loamy, clayey and boggy soils. Sandy dry soils, as well as dry loams and clays and podzols are unfavorable for timothy. The low standing of groundwater associated with dryness of the soil does not respond well to the growth of timothy. Meadow timothy is sown in short-term crops in fields and in mixtures for variable and permanent meadows. In field crop rotations, it is sown in a mixture with red clover. The term of economic use of timothy is 3-4 years. It reaches its greatest development in the second year. Regrowth after cutting is good. Horse, bush cereal.In the north of the non-chernozem belt (Vologda oblast), the crops of timothy on undercutting are very common. The forest cut at the beginning of summer remains in place for a year to dry and is burned the next year. After removing unburned residues from the site, the undercut is harrowed and timothy is sown under the cover plant - winter rye.

Meadow fescue photo

Meadow fescue is cultivated mainly in non-chernozem provinces in meadows. In the southern regions it is less common. For the non-chernozem zone of Russia, it is a very resistant plant and very suitable for sowing and in cultivated swamps. With good moisture, humus-rich loams, clays and processed marsh soils are the best soils for it. On podzols, lean sands, and on acidic soils, fescue yields poor yields and soon falls out. For sowing, it is taken on variable and permanent meadows. In the field grass planting of fescue with a period of use of sowing grasses of 3-4 years, fescue is also introduced into the mixture. The term of use is 5-7 years. Fescue reaches full development 2-4 years after sowing. It grows back very vigorously after mowing. Horse, bush cereal.

Hedgehog team photo

The hedgehog team found the greatest use in the non-black earth zone of Russia. The climate is more temperate. Deep, sufficiently moist, humus-rich loams, clays and sandy loams are the best soils for the hedgehog. It fails on acidic, damp soils and on dry sands; there were cases when the hedgehog quickly fell out when
sowing it in a mixture with other grasses in swamps. The hedgehog is used for sowing in permanent and variable meadows. In the cases indicated in relation to fescue, it is also used for field grass sowing. The term of use of the hedgehog is 6-8 years. It reaches its greatest development by 3-4 years after sowing. The development of hedgehogs since spring is very rapid, and flowering is early. The hedgehog grows back well after mowing. Horse, bush cereal.

Perennial ryegrass photo

Perennial ryegrass (French) prefers a warmer climate. It works very well in the western part of Ukraine. Successful experiments in breeding it are available in the central non-chernozem zone of Russia, in the Leningrad region. and in the Baltic region. Ryegrass does not like dry sands and damp soils. In swamps, ryegrass can grow after drying and preliminary processing. It is used for sowing on variable and permanent meadows, as well as in field grass sowing, when the period of using grasses in the latter case lasts 3-4 years. Durability 3-4 years. The development of ryegrass has been rapid since spring, and the regrowth after cutting is good. Horse, bush cereal.

Foxtail plant photos

Foxtail is cultivated in small quantities in Kursk, Ryazan, Saratov, Kharkov, Podolsk, Kaluga, Moscow, Tver and some other regions. It works great on wet, fertile, loamy and sandy loam soils. In low-lying bogs, after drying and processing, it also gives good mowing. Podzolic, dry sandy and heavy clay soils are poor foxtail soils. The foxtail is not afraid of the proximity of groundwater. Foxtail is usually introduced in a mixture of perennial meadows. In especially favorable places for it, for example, in wet or irrigated meadows, it is sown in its pure form. Foxtail is a very long-term plant, it produces mows for 8-12 years. The highest mowing begins from the 3rd year of using it. Since spring, it starts flowering very early, in comparison with other grasses. This circumstance is an inconvenient moment when sowing foxtail in a mixture with other grasses, the non-simultaneous flowering of different grasses in this case does not allow collecting hay of the highest quality. After mowing, foxtail grows back quickly and gives a second cut under good growth conditions. Horse cereal, rhizome.

Meadow bluegrass photo

Meadow bluegrass it is rather indifferent to the climate - it is found throughout Russia. It tolerates droughts, frosts and wet areas well. Good soils for meadow bluegrass are loose, humus-rich loams and sandy loams, as well as marsh soils after drying and processing. Bluegrass grows poorly on dry sands, on strong podzols and on acidic, poorly drained peatlands. It is used as a long-term cereal in mixtures for permanent and variable meadows. Reaches full development in 4 - 5 years of use. Bluegrass growth in spring and early flowering (close to hedgehog). After mowing and grazing, regrowth is very vigorous. Therefore, meadow bluegrass appears to be an excellent plant for the establishment of artificial pastures. Grain is grass root, rhizome.

Common bluegrass photo

Common bluegrass is suitable for the non-chernozem zone of Russia, while preferring a temperate and humid climate. Common bluegrass will be born very well on loams and clays, which are sufficiently moist and rich in humus. It is very suitable for bog culture. The bluegrass does not like dry and strongly podzolized soils. It is used for the establishment of long-term and variable meadows. Reaches full development PA 3-4 years.

Polovitsa white photo

White bent field in culture is found in the non-chernozem zone of Russia. Prefers a climate with relatively heavy rainfall. It tolerates winter cold well. Dry soils are unfavorable for the development of the common bent; It goes well on damp sandy loam, loam and cultivated bogs. It is sown in mixtures mainly for pastures and long-term meadows. Reaches full development at 8-4 years. It grows back well after mowing and grazing. Grain rhizome, grassland.

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Forage crops - agricultural crops grown for animal feed.

Forage crops include perennial and annual forage grasses (for pasture and green summer fodder, green mass for hay, haylage, silage, grass meal), silage crops (corn, sunflower, etc.), fodder root crops (fodder beets, turnips, rutabagas, carrots), fodder melons (pumpkin, zucchini, watermelon).

Forage grasses

All forage grasses are subdivided into four economic and botanical groups: bluegrass, legumes, sedge and forbs. The first two groups include plants from the corresponding families, the sedge group includes species from the sedge and rump family, and plants of all other botanical families are ranked as forbs.

• Perennial legumes. Meadow clover, creeping clover, hybrid clover, alfalfa, sainfoin, sweet clover, horned clover, oriental goat's rue, medicinal goat's rue, perennial lupine.
• Perennial bluegrass grasses. Timothy grass, awnless rump, meadow fescue, hedgehog, wheatgrass, high ryegrass, multiflorous ryegrass (multi-cut ryegrass), rootless wheatgrass, Siberian hair grass.
• Annual legumes. Sowing vetch (spring), furry vetch (winter), pelushka, seradella, crimson clover.
• Annual bluegrass grasses. Sudanese grass, mogar, annual chaff (annual ryegrass).
• Unconventional forage plants. Weirich's highlander, pierced-leaved sylphia, maral root, hard comfrey, olive radish, mallow.

Silage crops

• Corn
• Sunflower
• Kale
• Jerusalem artichoke
• Mustard white
• Winter rape
• Sorghum

Fodder root crops

• Fodder beet
• Sugar beet
• Swede
• Fodder carrots
• Turnips

Fodder tubers

• Fodder potatoes
• Jerusalem artichoke

Fodder melons and gourds

• Fodder watermelon
• Zucchini
• Pumpkin

Grain crops

• Cereals
  • Oats
  • Barley
  • Corn
  • Sorghum
  • Chumiza
  • African millet
• Legumes
  • Peas
  • Horse beans
  • Vika
  • Pelushka
  • Lupine stern

Literature

• Forage crops // Konda - Kun. - M.: Soviet Encyclopedia, 1973. - (Great Soviet Encyclopedia: / Ch. Ed. A. M. Prokhorov; 1969-1978, vol. 13).