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The soil and climatic conditions of the region make it possible to organize large-scale production of high-quality grain, corn, cereals, oilseeds, vegetables, fruits, melons. In the structure of agricultural production, about 70% falls on crop products and 30% - on livestock.
For a number of agricultural crops, the region is one of the leaders in production in the Russian Federation. In 2006, the Volgograd region took the 3rd place in the gross harvest of sunflower seeds, and the 5th place in the gross harvest of vegetables among the regions of the Russian Federation.
In the period from 1995 to 2006, the gross grain harvest in the Volgograd region increased more than 2.5 times. In terms of the size of farmland, the region occupies one of the leading places in the country.
In the region's agriculture, there are 360 agricultural enterprises, about 11.6 thousand peasant (farmer) households, 247.2 thousand private farmsteads and 315.5 thousand horticultural plots. The largest agricultural enterprises in the Volgograd region:
· LLC "Vipoil-Agro", part of the holding company "Vipoil", grows agricultural products, renders services to agricultural producers for harvesting by means of its own machine and tractor station. Vipoil-Agro LLC includes 4 agricultural enterprises in the Danilovsky district and two enterprises in the Rudnyansky district. The total area of the leased land is 90,000 hectares. Produced products - rye, barley, sunflower, corn, wheat.
· The agricultural enterprise Zarya, which is part of the PomidorProm Canning Holding, grows and supplies the plants of the holding with tomatoes, zucchini, eggplants, cucumbers, cabbage, onions, and carrots.
· State Unitary Enterprise "Volgograd Regional Agricultural Enterprise" Zarya "- a greenhouse complex for the production of agricultural products. For the first time, the enterprise achieved a yield in 2007 of more than 54 kg per square meter.
· CJSC "Krasnodonskoye" is the largest supplier of meat in the south of Russia, annually supplying 16-18 thousand tons of meat from pigs, cattle and poultry. The company includes 26 enterprises that carry out a full list of work related to the cultivation and storage of grain, the manufacture of feed mixtures, care for pigs, poultry, and cattle. In total, 85 thousand heads of pigs, 2 thousand heads of cattle, more than 650 thousand chickens are housed in the buildings of the enterprise.
· Egg poultry farms: Gorodishchenskaya Poultry Factory LLC, Kamyshinskaya Poultry Factory LLC, Agrofirma Vostok CJSC, Volzhskaya Poultry Factory CJSC, Uryupinskaya Poultry Factory OJSC.
· Broiler poultry farms: Kumylzhenskaya Poultry Farm OJSC, Volgograd Broiler OJSC, Krasnodonskoe CJSC CJSC, Fregat-Yug LLC.
Agriculture in the Volgograd region enjoys the support of regional authorities and is the largest recipient of subsidies, tax incentives and other forms of state support in the region:
· In order to develop leasing of agricultural machinery, the Volgograd Region Law of November 4, 2003 No. 880-OD “On State Support of Leasing Activities in the Agro-Industrial Complex, Fishing and Environmental Protection of the Volgograd Region” was adopted. Also, as measures of state support for the development of leasing activities in the region, budget loans, state guarantees, tax and tax incentives for leasing companies are used.
· Granting subsidies for mineral fertilizers and targeted loans for new equipment, subsidizing the development of elite seed and livestock farming, tax incentives for investors in livestock enterprises, subsidizing interest rates.
As promising areas of crop production, consistent with the idea of diversification of agricultural production in the region, the Regional Target Program "Development of the agro-industrial complex of the Volgograd region" for 2007-2010 "identifies: corn cultivation, viticulture, horticulture, vegetable growing, including greenhouse.
In the Volgograd region there is a high potential for increasing the volume of crop and livestock production. Agriculture in the Volgograd region is expected to grow by 5% annually until 2025. At the same time, an increase in the number of people employed in this industry due to the dynamic growth of productivity is not expected.
The following factors contribute to the successful development of agriculture in the Volgograd region:
· Large size of farmland.
· Proximity to major consumer centers.
· The crossing of large railway routes on the territory of the region, the availability of opportunities for transporting products by river transport with access to the Caspian and Black Seas provides conditions for export.
Industry development problems in the region
The most critical factors that hinder the development of agriculture in the Volgograd region are significant wear and tear of equipment, insufficiently qualified personnel, a low share of irrigated land, a high share of personal subsidiary and private farms, and an insufficient level of scientifically grounded forms of business management.
Equipment wear
The wear rate of agricultural machinery, as well as equipment of elevators in the region is more than 40%. Despite the presence in the region of a large manufacturer of agricultural machinery - OJSC “Volgograd Tractor Plant”, this equipment is significantly inferior in productivity to foreign counterparts. Better machinery reduces seed damage during sowing, reduces soil damage during processing and losses during harvest, reduces losses during milking, and increases the stability and accuracy of feeding times and dosages.
Insufficiently qualified personnel
The low level of economic literacy of agricultural producers leads to both miscalculations in the choice of crops to be produced and limits access to credit resources due to the low validity of credit requests. The level of application of advanced agricultural technologies is low, due to the low level of professional knowledge. The outflow of young people from rural areas continues and, as a result, the aging of the personnel.
Low share of irrigated land
The Volgograd region belongs to the zones of risky agriculture due to the aridity of the climate, and therefore, the development of irrigation systems is of particular importance. Currently, about 80 thousand hectares are irrigated in the region, which is 2.5% of the sown area of all agricultural crops. At the end of the 80s of the twentieth century, the area of irrigated land was 350 thousand hectares.
Many elements of the irrigation system have been mothballed, some operate at only a small percentage of capacity. The exact degree of wear and tear of the irrigation system is not known, since the inventory has not been carried out for a long time.
The activation of regional authorities in the field of supporting the development of drip irrigation systems and other modern methods of irrigation can stimulate the development of new crop industries in the region, in particular, potato production.
A high proportion of personal subsidiary and private farms
The region retains a high proportion of personal subsidiary and private farms with lower productivity than large farms, which have better access to financing, and, consequently, the acquisition of productive equipment, the attraction of skilled workers, and the use of new technologies. The preservation of small forms of farming is advisable in those market segments where they are competitive, for example, the production of goat milk, kumiss, products from goat down.
Insufficient level of scientifically grounded forms of business management
Insufficient level of scientifically grounded forms of economic management, including insufficient use of mineral fertilizers, cultivation of low-productive livestock breeds, not always correct organization of crop rotation, insufficient anti-erosion protection of soils play a significant role in the underdevelopment of agriculture.
Deterioration of soil quality due to insufficient application of mineral fertilizers. According to the scientifically grounded system of dry farming, to ensure a deficit-free balance of nutrients in the soil, it is required to apply at least 65.0 kg of the active substance of mineral fertilizers per hectare of sown area annually. At present, agricultural producers of the Volgograd region annually apply only 7-12 kg per hectare of crops to the fields.
The low share of highly productive livestock breeds increases the cost of production, and also significantly lengthens the time of its production, reduces the qualitative and quantitative indicators of meat, dairy and other related products. Today, only 5% of the cow population meets modern genetic requirements, and the creation of a highly productive livestock requires an increase of 2-3 times.
These factors, among others, led to the fact that in the period from 1995 to 2006 the production of livestock and poultry for slaughter in slaughter weight in the Volgograd region decreased by 23% and has not changed significantly in recent years. Milk production decreased by 46% over the same period and continues to decline.
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It is very interesting - what good varieties of vegetables are now grown in the Volgograd region? Below is a list of vegetable crops according to Soviet literature data for 1967. Write in the comments, what are you growing now?
VOLGOGRAD REGION
Zones of the region and distribution by zones of administrative districtsI. Right-bank on ordinary and southern chernozems... Districts: Alekseevsky, Danilovsky, Elansky, Kikvidzensky, Kumylzhensky, Mikhailovsky, Nekhaevsky, Novoanninsky, Novonikolaevsky, Rudnyansky and Uryupinsky.
II. Right bank on chestnut and dark chestnut soils... Districts: Zhirnovsky, Ilovlinsky, Kamyshinsky, Kletsky, Kotovsky, Olkhovsky, Serafimovichsky, Surovikinsky, Frolovsky and Chernyshkovsky.
III. Right-bank on light chestnut and brown soils... Districts: Dubovsky, Kalachevsky, Kotelnikovsky, Oktyabrsky and Svetloyarsky.
IV. Left bank on chestnut and light chestnut soils... Districts: Bykovsky, Leninsky, Nikolaevsky, Pallasovsky, Sredneakhtubinsky and Staropoltavsky.
Varietal zoning by crops
Winter wheat... Zones I and II: mid-early - Odessa 3; mid-season - Mironovskaya 808; in addition, for pure vapors of zone I - mid-early — Bezostaya I. Zones III and IV: mid-early - Odessa 3, Lutescens 230.
Winter rye... By region: Kharkiv 55, Kharkiv 194.
Spring wheat... Zone I: early maturing - Albidum 43; mid-ripening - Saratovskaya 36, Kharkovskaya 46, Melyanopus 26. Zone II: early maturing - Albidum 43; mid-season - Saratovskaya 36, Kharkovskaya 46, Melyanopus 26; without primary seed production - Meljanopus 1932. Zones III and IV: early maturing - Albidum 43; mid-season - Saratovskaya 36, Melyanopus 26, Melyanopus 1932.
Oats... Zones I and II: Lgovsky 1026, Soviet. Zones III and IV: Soviet.
Spring barley... By region: Yuzhny, Submedicum 199.
Millet... In the region: Saratov 853, Skorospeloe 66.
Buckwheat... For buckwheat cultivation areas: Bogatyr.
Peas... By region: Ramonsky 77.
Lentils... Zone I: Petrovskaya 4/105.
Chickpea... Zone I: for areas of chickpea cultivation - Yubileiny.
Sunflower... Zones I and II: Leader, Lighthouse.
Mustard... In the region: Zheltosemyannaya 230, Skorospelka.
Oil flax... Zones I and II; VIR 1650.
Sugar beet... By region: Ramonskaya 06, Yaltushkovsky hybrid.
Makhorka... For areas of makhorka cultivation: Volgograd, Slepukhinskaya local.
Potato... Zones I and II: for spring and summer plantings - early maturing — Kharkov early, Early rose, Ulyanovsk; mid-season -
Southerner. Zone III: for spring and summer plantings - early maturing - Kharkiv early, Early rose; mid-season - Southerner. Zone IV: for spring and summer plantings - early maturing - Kharkiv early, Early rose, Volzhsky; mid-season - Southerner.
White cabbage... In the region: early maturing - Number one Gribovskiy 147; mid-early - Golden hectare 1432; mid-season - Slava 1305; mid-late - Gift; late ripening - Amager 611, Posopskaya local; in addition, for zones I and II - mid-early - Stakhanovka 1513; mid-late - Autumn Gribovskaya 320; for zone IV - mid-season - Slava Gribovskaya 231; late ripening - Volgograd 42. For the canning industry. In the region: Number one Gribovskiy 147, Braunschweigskaya 423, Volgogradskaya 42, Gift, Posopskaya local, Amager 611.
Red cabbage... By area: Gako.
Cauliflower... By region: Moscow cannery; for the canning industry - Moscow canning, Domestic.
Savoy cabbage... In the area: Vertyu 1340, Jubilee 2170.
Brussels sprouts... By area: Hercules.
Salad... By region: Berlin yellow, Pervomaisky.
Spinach... By region: Victoria.
Sorrel... By area: Belleville.
Rhubarb... By region: Victoria.
Cucumbers... By area: Success 221, Yielding 86; for the canning industry - Success 221; for greenhouses - Multiparous VSHV, Single-stem 33.
Tomatoes... Zones I, II and III: Kolkhozny 34, Moldavian early, Volgograd 5/95. Zone IV: Early Moldavian, Jewel 341, Volgograd 5/95. For the canning industry. In the region: Moldavian early, Rybka 52; in addition, for zone I - Volgogradsky 5/95; for zone II - Akhtubinsky 85, Volgogradsky 5/95; for zone IV - Jewel 341, Akhtubinsky 85, Volgogradsky 5/95. For greenhouses: in the winter-spring turnover - the Uralsky multifruit; in the autumn-winter turnover - the Ural multifruit, the Best of all 318.
Onions on a turnip... Biennial crop from sevka. By region: local Strigunovsky; in addition, for the IV zone - Bessonovsky local. Annual seed culture. By region: Kaba, Krasnodar G-35, Kilinchinsky local; in addition, for zones I and II - Strigunovsky local. For the canning industry. By region: Kaba, Johnson 4, local Kilinchinsky.
Bow on a green feather... By area: batun, chives.
Onions - forcing culture... In the region: shallots - Kuban yellow D-322.
Garlic... By region: the best local varieties.
Table carrot... In the region: Nantes 4, Biryuchekutskaya 415; in addition, for the IV zone - Incomparable. For the canning industry. In the region: Nantes 4, Biryuchekutskaya 415.
Table beet... In the region: Donskaya flat 367, Bordeaux 237; for the canning industry - Bordeaux 237.
Radish... By area: Rubin.
Parsley... By region: Sugar, Bordovik, Ordinary leaf.
Parsnip... By area: Round.
Celery... By region: Apple.
Shelling peas... By area: for the canning industry - Early brain 14, Early brain 199, Winner G-33, Excellent 240, Belladonna 136, Fighter 2040.
Sweet pepper... In the region: Novocherkassky 35, Maikop 470; for the canning industry - Bulgarian 79.
Hot pepper... In the region: Astrakhan 147.
Eggplant... By area: Universal 6; for the canning industry - Universal 6, in addition for II and IV zones - Canning 10.
Watermelon... By region: Winner 395, Bykovsky 22, Melitopolsky 142, Melitopol 143, Volzhsky 7.
Melons... In the region: Kolkhoz woman 749/753, Bykovskaya 735, Kazachka 244, Rimma 89; in addition, for the III zone - Jubilee 66, Moldavian autumn.
Pumpkin... In the region: Volzhskaya gray 92, Almond 35.
Zucchini... By region: Gribovskie 37.
Corn... By region: for grain and silage - mid-early hybrids DV 19/216 TV, Dneprovsky 98; mid-season - hybrid VIR 42 (VIR 42M); for irrigation - mid-season - hybrid VIR 42 (VIR 42M); within the needs of the food industry - early maturing - Severodakot; mid-season - Rosenberg local. In addition, for the IV zone during irrigation: for grain and silage - late ripening - hybrid VIR 156 (VIR 156T); for silage - late ripening - Imereti hybrid.
Sorghum for grain... Zones II and IV: Kuban red 1677.
Sudanese grass... In the region: Kamyshinskaya 541, sorghum-Sudanese hybrid - Kamyshinsky 530.
Panic... By region: Dnepropetrovsk 31.
Sorghum for silage... By region: Early Dnepropetrovsk amber; in addition, for zones I and IV: Kamyshinskoe I.
Alfalfa... Zones I and II: Zaikevich, Leninskaya local. Zones III and IV: Leninskaya local, Krasnokutskaya 4009. By region: for irrigation - Zaykevich, Leninskaya local, Valuiskaya local.
Sainfoin... Zone I and II: Sandy 1251.
Zhitnyak... By region: Kamyshinsky I, Kamyshinsky 2.
Awnless bonfire... Zone I: for fodder crop rotations - Morshansk 760.
Fodder carrots... In the area: Chantenay 2461, Guérande.
Fodder beet... By area: Eckendorf yellow.
Fodder watermelons... In the region: Brodsky 37-52, Dishim.
Fodder pumpkin... By region: Large-fruited I.
Fodder squash... By region: Gribovskie 37.
Literature: Catalog of zoned varieties of agricultural crops of the RSFSR, Kolos Publishing House, Moscow - 1967.
Vegetables section guideP.S. Write to us in the comments, and what old varieties do you grow?
Agriculture of the Volgograd region is diverse, as the geographical areas of the region differ from each other. When developing agricultural production, it is important to take these features into account. Below I will give the features of the climatic and geographical position of these regions, so that it will be noticeable how the Agriculture of these regions meets the laws of geography.
Gorodishchensky district. Located in the suburban area of the Volgograd region on the Volga Upland. The region belongs to the dry steppe zone, the climate is continental, winters are cold, summers are hot and relatively dry. The soil cover is represented mainly by light chestnut, chestnut soils, varying degrees of solonetzicity, and salt marshes. The region's agriculture is represented by the following crops. They grow sunflowers, potatoes, vegetables (onions, carrots, beets, cabbage, tomatoes), melons, and apples. The gross harvest of vegetables in 2008 amounted to 133 thousand tons. Dairy cattle breeding, pig breeding. Ilovlinsky District Located in the interfluve of the Don, Ilovlya and Volga rivers on the Don ridge in the southern part of the Volga Upland. Occupies an area of 4.15 thousand km2. The agro-industrial complex is the main branch of the region's economy. It employs about 3.6 thousand people (more than 50% of the total number of people employed in the economy), more than 59% of the gross regional product is created. The agro-industrial complex includes 367 peasant farms, 7.5 thousand private farmsteads, 15 large and medium-sized collective agricultural enterprises. In the structure of agricultural production, more than 85% falls on livestock products, 15% - crop production. The area of agricultural land is 390.3 thousand hectares, including 172 thousand hectares - arable land. Large and medium-sized agricultural enterprises account for 76% of the total volume of grain produced.Also in the structure of agriculture there are: wheat, sunflower, mustard, potatoes, vegetables, melons and gourds. Meat and dairy cattle breeding, pig breeding. Elansky district, located in the northern part of the Volgograd region. The area of the district is 2672 km2. According to the relief, the territory of the district is divided into two parts: south-west and north-east. The southwestern part is characterized by a slightly wavy relief with a moderately developed ravine-gully system, the northeastern part is characterized by a more wavy and mountainous character with a highly developed ravine-gully system. Seven rivers flow through the territory of the district. According to the regional division, the district is located in the first land assessment area. The soil cover of arable land is mainly represented by southern chernozems (92%), 3% is occupied by meadow chernozem soils, 2% are solonetzes, the remaining 3% is accounted for by ordinary chernozems, floodplain soils, etc. The mechanical composition of the soils is mostly heavy. The climate is moderately arid with unstable moisture. The average annual rainfall is 395 mm per year. The negative feature is winds, drought. Region of moderately developed agriculture .. Direction of agricultural production: grain, cattle breeding. They grow winter and spring wheat, barley, sunflower, rapeseed, and apples.
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The current state of vegetable growing in the Volgograd region
In comparison with other agricultural crops, the production of vegetables has its own characteristics. It is largely determined by natural and economic conditions. Their effectiveness largely depends on the cultivation area. The successful development of vegetable growing depends on the availability of a labor force, transport routes for the transportation of products, guaranteed near sales markets. This presupposes the concentration and specialization of production in the suburban areas of large cities and in the raw material areas of the processing industry. There are higher sales prices, there is an opportunity to use industrial waste for heating greenhouses and greenhouses. In the farms closest to the city, the profitability of vegetables is higher than in remote ones. Suburban farms in significant quantities sell products through direct links, have specialized production. The production of vegetables in the raw material zones is created taking into account the requirements of the processing industry: the presence of specialized farms, a high concentration of crops near vegetable canning factories. For the canning industry, a uniform flow of products for processing is important. The cost of the produced canned food depends on the cost of vegetables produced in the zone, i.e. in the structure, they occupy a large share (up to 75%). Reducing the cost of vegetables is facilitated by the concentration of sown areas under individual crops, the implementation of inter-farm specialization.
Vegetable growing at this stage of its development is one of the most intensive branches of agricultural production.
In the Volgograd region, vegetable growing is one of the most important components of the region's food resource. The industry supplies plant-based products with valuable nutritional and healing properties that are essential to ensure a nutritious diet for people. Vegetables contain in an easily digestible form all the main energy-containing substances: carbohydrates, proteins and fats.
The Volgograd region is the largest region for the production of vegetable products. Farms of all forms of ownership in 2007 received 501 thousand tons of vegetables, or 105% of the 2006 level.
Vegetable growing is a dynamically developing industry today, quite stable.The growth in production is due to an increase in the level of yields of vegetable crops. The average yield increased from 203 c / ha in 2005 to 225 c / g in 2007. This is due to the intensification of production, the consumption of the world's best irrigation systems and agricultural machinery. In recent years, more than 3,000 hectares have been built using drip irrigation, which increase yields by up to 40%.
With the growth of production, the level of consumption of vegetables per person per year also increased from 75 kg to 105 kg. Profit from the sale of open ground vegetable products 64.3 mil. rubles, with a profitability level of 17.2%, greenhouses - 47.9 million rubles. with a profitability level of -13%. The decrease in profitability is due to the outrunning growth of costs
(the cost of seeds, plant protection products, mineral fertilizers, electricity, equipment) over the price of vegetable products. The selling price of 1 ton of vegetables increased by 19% last year, while the cost of production increased by 28%.
Due to the unique natural and climatic conditions for growing vegetables, our products are distinguished by high taste qualities, far exceeding the value of the products of competitors' regions. The demand for Volgograd vegetable products is also evidenced by the fact that all vegetables grown in 2007 were sold almost until February 2008. intensive technologies 300 thousand vegetables. According to the assortment of vegetable crops provided by the structure of sown areas, it is planned to sow with seeds of domestic selection and foreign selection. The structure of cultivated areas largely determines the level of efficiency of the vegetable growing industry. The first place is given to onions; second place for tomatoes, and third place for carrots, fourth for cabbage. The ability of enterprises to ensure the production of high-quality products that meet market requirements and international standards is the key to the success of the regional fruit and vegetable complex enterprises in increasing the volume of production and sales of products.
To organize a year-round supply of fresh vegetables to the population, it is necessary to expand the range of vegetable crops. Therefore, we need varieties that are competitive, satisfying the needs of both producers and consumers. In addition to the main assortment of vegetables, the structure should also contain less common vegetables (lettuce, green crops, various types of cabbage, etc.). Unfortunately, the region has a narrow range of vegetable products. Only about 30 crops are grown, and mainly six are of practical importance: cabbage, tomatoes, cucumbers, carrots, onions, beets. At the same time, more than 1200 plants are now known on the globe that can be used for food as vegetables.
One of the main problems in vegetable growing remains the rise in prices for energy resources, fertilizers and plant protection products, and this affects the increase in production costs, therefore, reduces profitability. Therefore, in this situation, it is necessary to adhere to the course of introducing energy-saving technologies aimed at reducing costs and improving the quality of products. The region's vegetable growing is concentrated in 13 districts. Last year, the best indicators were achieved by vegetable growers in the following districts: Gorodishchensky, Sredneakhtubinsky, Bykovsky, Leninsky, Dubovsky, Kalachevsky, Kotelnikovsky, Svetloyarsky and Ilovlinsky. Greenhouse farms also make a worthy contribution to the development of vegetable growing in the region. In the off-season, they satisfy the needs of the population for fresh vegetables. In 2007, the gross production of vegetables was 14,200 tons. The total area of protected soil according to 2007 data is 392.5 thousand m2.Foreign citizens play a significant role in the production of vegetable crops. It is not possible to provide the complex of works with the efforts of the local population. Currently, there are a number of seasonal issues related to attracting foreign citizens.
The production of potatoes and melons and gourds is of great importance in the region's fruit and vegetable complex. In modern economic conditions, melons and gourds are also highly profitable crops.
Recently, the specialization of farms in the production of melons of various ripening periods has become noticeable. Some grow early products using temporary film shelters (while early and ultra-early varieties and hybrids are in demand), other late-ripening varieties of watermelon suitable for long-term storage. The prospects for the development of melon growing in the region are great. The potential of melons and gourds is currently being used insignificantly. Although the reserves for increasing the volume of production are large, the possibilities for additional use of melons and gourds and their processing products are only at the beginning of development.
