Cultivated plants in Udmurtia can be divided into field, vegetable, fruit and berry plants. In field cultivation, the largest areas are occupied by cereals of the family of cereals.
Winter rye Is the main grain crop. It is widely used as a food, industrial and fodder plant. Winter rye occupies about half of grain crops. In the republic, the Vyatka-2 variety has been zoned, as the most productive, well adapted to local soil and climatic conditions.
Winter wheat sown on relatively small areas, with the introduction of the Mironovskaya-808 variety, it is possible to expand its crops.
Spring wheat Is the most valuable food crop. Its grain is the main product in the bakery and confectionery industry; cereals (semolina) are also prepared from grain. The largest areas of wheat are concentrated in the southern and central regions. Of the many types of wheat in Udmurtia, only soft wheat is grown. Zoned wheat variety Lutescens-62. The variety Saratovskaya-29, which belongs to the group of strong wheat with large grain and good baking qualities, is becoming widespread.
Among grain crops, oats are in second place in terms of sown area. Its grain is used as feed for many species of animals. It is also used in the food industry for the manufacture of cereals, oatmeal and other food products. Oats are classified as membranous crops. In food production, flower flakes are removed. Oats are less picky about soil and climatic conditions than wheat or barley. It is cultivated throughout the territory of Udmurtia.
Barley sown on fairly large areas. Its grain is used in the food industry (for the manufacture of barley and pearl barley). It is also used as a concentrated animal feed. Barley is a scarious culture. Unlike oats, its flower films are firmly adhered to the caryopsis. In the food industry, the flakes are removed. In Udmurtia, the variety Viner, Mnogoryadny (1) and two-row variety related to the type of two-row (2) barley are zoned.
Peas are widespread among grain legumes in Udmurtia. Sowing peas are one of the oldest, long-cultivated plants. Its grain is used both as a food product and as a high-protein feed. Another type of peas is also widespread - pelushka (field, fodder peas), used only for animal feed. Peas are grown in all regions of the republic.
The straw of cereals and legumes can be used for a variety of purposes, such as feed or bedding for animals.
Buckwheat - a valuable cereal crop, distributed mainly in the southern and central regions. Several varieties of buckwheat are zoned, including local Kiznerskaya. The buckwheat fruit is a nut; in the manufacture of cereals, grain is crushed (isolation of the nucleoli-seeds from the shells, which are used for food). The value of buckwheat is not limited to its use in the cereal industry; in beekeeping, it is one of the best melliferous plants.
Cultivation flax in our area began to study a long time ago. Fiber flax in Udmurtia is the main technical culture. This spinning plant is often referred to as "northern silk". In flax, not only is the fiber widely used in various industries used, but also oil, which is of food and technical importance. During the production of oil, cake remains used for animal feed. Fiber flax (grade 806/3) is most widespread in the northern regions of the republic.
Potato - widespread, universal culture. Its national economic significance is exceptionally great.The use of potatoes as food ("second bread"), as well as industrial and fodder crops makes it one of the most important field plants. Potatoes belong to the nightshade family. The fruit of the potato is a berry; modern varieties bloom relatively weakly and practically do not form fruit. The tuber is used for food - a modified underground shoot. Potatoes reproduce only vegetatively. On the territory of Udmurtia, a number of fruitful varieties with a high starch content have been zoned: for example, Priekulsky early and Falensky (early varieties), Lorkh (medium late).
Forage crops occupy a significant place in field cultivation: turnips, fodder and sugar beets, corn, sunflowers, vetch (for example, the Votkinskaya variety), fodder cabbage, and kuuziku (hybrid rutabaga).
Of the fodder crops, clover, timothy and other perennial grasses (alfalfa, fire) are most widespread. They provide good hay, green fodder, and their crops are used as pasture. Grass cultivation has been practiced in Udmurtia for a long time. Local varieties of clovers are widely known, such as Kiznersky, Seltinsky; Timothy variety Kiznerskaya is widespread.
Vegetable crops in Udmurtia are mainly represented by white cabbage, cucumbers, tomatoes, onions, carrots, and beets. Rutabagas are grown somewhat less
radish, radish and dill. To better meet the needs of the population in vegetables containing mineral salts, vitamins, phytoncides and other substances necessary for the body, a greater species diversity of these plants should be cultivated. Batun onions, chives, garlic, lettuce, spinach, parsley, pumpkin, tarragon, tiered onions can grow well; cabbage: red cabbage, savoy cabbage, cauliflower, kohlrabi. Vegetable plants are being grown using synthetic film, and year-round production in greenhouses is being established.
Gardening is promising not only in the southern, but also in the northern regions of the republic. Of the fruit and berry crops, the most widespread are apple, cherry, currant, raspberry, gooseberry and strawberry. In the southern regions, pear can be cultivated. Of new crops, irga and black chokeberry are also recommended, which grow well throughout the territory of Udmurtia. A significant number of varieties of fruit and berry crops have been zoned in the republic. As a rule, summer, autumn and winter varieties are planted. Consideration should be given to the need for cross-pollination between varieties. The planting material is grown in several fruit nurseries in Udmurtia.
The natural and climatic conditions of the Udmurt Republic make it possible to successfully develop diversified agriculture, produce food for the population and raw materials for the processing, food and light industries of the agro-industrial complex.
The leading producers of agricultural products in the republic are collective farms, personal subsidiary and private farms, subsidiary plots of industrial enterprises. Agriculture of Udmurtia is diversified. Despite the fact that the republic provides itself with potatoes and vegetables, grain crops (for livestock feed), it is forced to import food grain.
The main branch of agriculture - crop production... It is based on grain farming, and the most important crop is winter rye. She is the main grain crop for the republic. Spring wheat is sown in the southeastern, southern and eastern regions. Oats and barley are cultivated. They are mainly used as forage crops. Buckwheat is an important cereal crop in the republic.
Peas are mainly grown from legumes.
Fiber flax is the main industrial crop. A large crop of flax is harvested in the northern and western regions of Udmurtia. Fiber flax provides flax fiber for the textile industry. Flaxseeds are used in the food industry and for the manufacture of paints.
The area under potatoes is increasing every year. In the conditions of Udmurtia, it is an important food and industrial crop. They also grow cabbage, onions, beets, carrots, cucumbers, tomatoes. Early vegetables, cucumbers and tomatoes are grown in greenhouses.
In Udmurtia, climatic conditions make it possible to develop gardening. They grow cherries, red and black currants, raspberries, gooseberries, garden strawberries, and frost-resistant apple varieties.
Livestock is an important branch of agriculture in Udmurtia. It produces valuable food products - meat, lard, milk, butter, eggs, as well as valuable raw materials for industry: leather, wool, feathers, down, supplies live draft power - horses, and provides organic fertilizer - manure. Dairy and meat cattle are bred in the republic.
Pig breeding is the second most important branch of animal husbandry. There are several large pig farms on the territory of the republic. Sheep breeding in Udmurtia is developing as an additional industry. Sheep are bred in all regions of the republic. They give tasty meat, wool, sheepskin. Poultry farming has long been developed. It produces quality meat, eggs, feathers and down in a short time. There are 7 poultry farms in Udmurtia.
Recently, the old traditional branch of our land - beekeeping - has been reviving. The Udmurt region has always been famous for its honey. Pond fishing has developed in many areas. The largest supplier of live fish is a specialized farm of the Pikhtovka state farm in the Votkinsk region. Commercial fishing is being restored on the Kama.
In a number of regions there are fur farms for the cultivation of Arctic foxes, minks, black-brown foxes, raccoons, and golden ferrets. The furs are of high quality.
The production of pasta, confectionery, mineral and fruit drinks is developed in Udmurtia.
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Agricultural crops of the Udmurts 10/12/2011 13:15
Sowed mainly frost-resistant grain crops: rye (zeg), oats, barley (yydy). In the southern regions, wheat (chabey), peas, buckwheat (sydchabei) were also sown; spelled (vaz) has been cultivated since ancient times. They grew hemp (lush), flax.
In the past, gardening among the Udmurts played a relatively insignificant role. For on-farm consumption, cabbage (cubista), cucumbers (ogrech, qiyar), radish (kushman), rutabagas (kalega, sartchy) and other vegetables were grown. In general crops, for example, in 1913, cereals accounted for 93%, flax - 4.1%, potatoes - 2%, perennial grasses - 0.1%.
Last Updated on Wednesday, 12 October 2011 13:15
In terms of natural vegetation, Udmurtia is located in the southern part of the forest-meadow zone. This is reflected in the latitudinal distribution of individual plant groups. If in the north of the republic deciduous species in the forests are represented mainly by birch, aspen, mountain ash, then in the south, in addition to these species, linden, maple, elm and oak are quite widespread. Undergrowth species moving from north to south are also replenished with new species: hazel (hazel), euonymus, honeysuckle, etc.
Accordingly, the herbaceous cover changes in the forests, among which there are plants in the south that are characteristic only of oak forests. From tree and shrub species on the territory of the republic there are spruce, pine, fir, larch, birch, aspen, linden, oak, elm, elm, alder (gray and black), willow, mountain ash, bird cherry, juniper, hazel (hazel), honeysuckle , viburnum, currant, wolf bast, broom, elderberry, wild rose, gray willow. The specific weight of the listed tree species in the forests of the State Fund of Udmurtia can be judged from the data of the Forestry Department of the Udmurt ASSR as of 1970 (%): spruce - 38.4, pine - 16.6, fir - 1.0, total conifers - 56.0; birch - 27.6, aspen - 8.6, linden - 6'2, alder - 1.0, maple - 0.2, oak - 0.2, other deciduous - 0.2. Total deciduous - 44.0.
Spruce is the most widespread species and occupies about 2/5 of the total forest stand of the republic. It can be found almost everywhere. Pine among conifers is in second place.Large tracts of pine forests are found in Syumsinsky, Seltinsky, Uvinsky, Vavozhsky, Kiznersky, Yak-Bodinsky and Botkinsky districts, where light soils are widespread. Larch has a very limited distribution, it is found among pine forests, most often along the second and third supra-meadow terraces - on the border of pine forests with spruce forests, located on sandy loam and loamy soils.
Oak occupies one of the last places in the area of distribution among forest species. North of the Votkinsk - Vavozh line, it is very rare, in the form of single specimens. In the southern regions (south of the Sarapul - Bolshaya Ucha line), oak is the most frequent component of mixed and deciduous forests, but rarely and in small areas it occupies a dominant position. Maple, elm and elm, like oak, grow mainly only in the southern part of the republic. Basically, these species are observed as an admixture in spruce-fir and mixed forests, and as we move to the south, their number in the stand increases.
The linden growth boundary extends far to the north, it can be seen in almost all spruce-fir and coniferous-deciduous forests. In the southern part of Udmurtia, you can often find areas of the forest, where it is the predominant species.
Of the hardwoods, birch is the most common. In some areas, it occupies a dominant position. In one or another quantity, it can be found in all regions of the republic, as an admixture to conifers and deciduous species. The same must be said for aspen.
Forests in Udmurtia occupy 1995.9 thousand hectares, which is 47.5% of its total area. However, they are distributed extremely unevenly. For example, 60% of them are concentrated in Balezinsky, Krasnogorsky, Kezsky, Igrinsky, Yak Bodinsky, Seltinsky, Syumsinsky, Uvinsky and Kiznersky districts. There are few forests in Kara-Kulinsky, Alnashsky, Kiyasovsky, Grakhovsky, Sara-pulsky and Yukamensky districts. Separate, relatively small areas of the forest are found everywhere. This gives reason to believe that in the past, before the development of lands by man, they were continuous. This can also be confirmed by the almost ubiquitous presence of large trees, mainly spruces, on arable lands, separately and in groups, and the overgrowth of forests in most of the ravines.
The well-known forester of Udmurtia L.A. Mustafin (44) wrote on the issue of forest cover in the republic in the past: “It can be assumed that this land in remote times was covered with continuous virgin forests, which were gradually settled and cleared, giving way to agricultural land that occupied more fertile soils and more convenient in terms of relief areas, and the forests, splitting into parts, were moved to the worst quality soils and areas, less suitable for agriculture in terms of their relief ”.
The continuous forest cover of Udmurtia in the past can be judged by the work of such prominent researchers as Gordyagin and Korzhinsky, who, examining the regions of Tataria adjacent to the Udmurt Republic, came to the conclusion that in the past, there coniferous forests spread throughout the territory. Modern mixed and deciduous forests, in their opinion, have a secondary origin as a result of human activities and after forest fires.
In connection with the increased logging for the period from 1935 to 1970. great changes have taken place in its breed composition. If in 1935 (44) conifers occupied 86%, then in 1965 - 56%, and deciduous species from .14% 'increased to 44%. At the same time, the age of the forest stands also changed.
In coniferous forests, various mosses are well developed, and the herbaceous cover is very poor. Basically, it is represented by a cat's paw, sour cherry, drupe, wintergreen, fern, mine and sheep's fescue. In coniferous forests with a significant admixture of deciduous species, herbaceous vegetation is richer in both species and quantitative composition.There are oxalis, fern, lungwort, hoof, starlet, yasminnik, wrestler, raven eye and some plants from the family of cereals and legumes. In deciduous forests or with a predominance of deciduous species, the herbage is more abundant and has a significant distribution of legumes and cereals. It should be noted that the quality and quantity of herbage depends not only on the type of forest, but also on its age, density, soil and relief. ‘Besides forests, there are 338.7 thousand hectares of hayfields and pastures on the territory of Udmurtia. Of these, 244.1 thousand are clean, and the remaining 94.6 thousand hectares to one degree or another are forested and bushy. The composition of herbaceous vegetation of forage lands, depending on soil conditions and occurrence in relief, is very diverse, and therefore we will not dwell on its description.
When characterizing vegetation as a factor in soil formation, first of all, it should be emphasized once again that it plays a leading role in the formation of soils. Herbaceous vegetation leads to the accumulation of humus in the soil and is a good structure-forming agent. Moss vegetation, having a high moisture content, leads to the development and intensification of waterlogging.
Woody vegetation affects the intensification of soil wetting, since the precipitation in the form of rains, although partially retained on the crowns of trees, slowly evaporates and, lingering in the forest litter, does not roll down the slope. Snow in the forest falls in a more even layer, and its melting in spring is slow. The water formed during the melting of snow seeps into the soil in greater quantities than in open areas. With the decomposition of organic residues, especially coniferous forests, a large amount of fulyukislrt is formed, which act destructively on the mineral part of the soil, which, in the presence of good wetting, leads to leaching of organic and mineral colloids from the upper soil layers, and thereby to the development of podzol-forming process. And it is no coincidence that podzolic soils have developed so widely on the territory of Udmurtia, which in the past was completely covered with forests.
