How to grow fish in artificial reservoirs and fish farming?

Fish is of great importance in the human diet, it can be fry, boil, dry some types to use raw. In order to cook it, you need to get it. You can get it in different ways, buy in the market or in the store. Catch on a fishing trip or grow it yourself. Also, fish can not only be eaten, but also earned on breeding and growing. In this article, we will consider the topic of fish farming as a business, profitable or not.

Condition of fish farming as a business

The average profitability of fish farming is 20%, for the most part depends on the entrepreneur himself, his knowledge and desire to earn money.

Before you start, you need to know that this business will not bring you instant profits. Under the best conditions, this can be in two to five seasons. It all depends on the growth rate and value of the breed. In order for the income to be every season, with extensive fish farming, fry will have to be launched into the pond every year, until the fry of the first year become sexually mature and begin to reproduce themselves.

Semi-intensive, will require cages for each year the fry are launched. It is used as a fattening

Breeding in pools will also require rearing containers for the number of years the fish is planned to be reared.

First, let's look at the main issues of fish farming.

1. The economic component of the business.
2. What kind of fish to breed.
3. Fish farming methods.
4. Necessary activities for fish farming.

The economic component.
Carp and trout are considered the most economically profitable in terms of fish farming as a business in the CIS.

Where to begin

The action plan for the arrangement of the fishery includes several points.

1. Finding out the demand for a product in the market.
2. Selection of fish for breeding.
3. Selection of breeding and cultivation method.
4. Obtaining documents for the right to engage in fish farming.
5. Purchase and arrangement of fish breeding reservoirs.
6. Selection and purchase of the necessary equipment (pumps, filters, aerators, etc.).
7. Purchase of fry, feed, medicines.
8. Working with suppliers and sales markets.

Carp

Carp, an artificially bred breed by carp selection, is easy to cross, grows quickly, is fertile, and is not whimsical to water quality and oxygen content. Able to gain weight with good feeding, even in small artificial ponds and pools.

As in any other business, you need a business plan, which means you need to take into account all the costs and time to generate income.

The business plan includes

Initial investment.

1 hectare of a reservoir stocked with fry will require approximately 60,000-70000 rubles.
Consider what the main costs are falling on, per hectare.

• Registration of documents 10,000 (lease agreement, registration of an enterprise, call of sanitary and epidemiological supervision specialists, purchase of a license).
• Malok 17000
• Arrangement of 20,000 (purchase of the necessary equipment, cleaning of the pond and territory)
• Feed for the first month 10000
• Other expenses 3000-5000 rubles.

To begin with, we get about 62,000 rubles per hectare.
The figures are approximate, for different regions may differ.

Growing and feeding

It should be noted that some fish species, such as carp, crucian carp, catfish, sterlet, stop feeding in winter, go into wintering pits and fall into suspended animation.
For this reason, for these breeds, the cost of feeding is calculated as an arithmetic average.
Another factor is that the larger the individual, the more feed it will need.

Income for the third year of a stocked reservoir

Now let's calculate how much income we get from 1 hectare S of the reservoir. 1 ha = 100m * 100m

250 kg fry, after 3 years 2500 kg
The approximate wholesale cost of 1 kg of carp is 60 rubles.
2500 * 60 = 150,000 rubles.
150000-62000 = 88000 rubles.

It is important not to forget that sexual maturity occurs in the third year of life. By leaving a few individuals for breeding, the cost of fry can be removed. Thereby increasing the revenue side.

In the future, you can remove the cost of purchasing equipment, since it is purchased once every several years, and may only require repair costs.

Fourth year

5000 documents (rent certificates)
Construction 5000 (repair)
Other 3000
Total for 1 ha 13000
Implementation 150,000-13,000 = 137,000 rubles.

Trout

Two types of productive trout are most suitable for artificial breeding, rainbow and brook trout. The most profitable in terms of profitability is considered to be cultivation in enclosed spaces according to the principle of closed water supply installations (RAS), intensive cultivation.

Establishing a trout farm requires the same activities as carp farming.

• Registration of the necessary papers 10000
• Purchase of the necessary equipment 1,500,000
• Fry 300000
• Feed 200,000
• Employee salary 300,000
• Scheduled maintenance (replacement of filters, purchase of spare parts) 200,000 rubles.
• Total RUB 2,600,000

Trout wholesale price 300 rubles. for 1 kg.

With intensive cultivation from 1 hectare, the yield is 10 tons of fish.
10,000 * 300 = 3,000,000 rubles.
3,000,000-2,600,000 = 400,000 rubles.

Sexual maturity occurs at the age of 3 years. With a competent approach to artificial insemination of eggs, an article, the purchase of fry, can be removed from the list of costs.

Income

The cost of creating a farm will pay off in three years. With established sales, starting from the fourth year, the farm will begin to receive a good income.

• Sanitary certificates and other papers 5000
• Feed 200000
• Employees 300,000
• Service 200,000

The total cost from the fourth year is 705,000 rubles.
3,000,000-705,000 = 2,295,000 rubles.

Summing up

Breeding carp is easy, but the profitability is lower.
Trout farming is difficult, but the income for the same period is higher.

Necessary activities for fish farming

What to buy and do.

• Ponds or tanks for fish
• Hangar for intensive fish farming
• Communications (electricity, heating, sewerage, treatment facilities and filters).
• Pumps for circular circulation of water.
• Aerators for oxygen enrichment of water.
• Emergency generator.
• Various nets, cages, nurseries.
• Occupation area code OKVED 03.2.
• Necessary papers for an artificial reservoir
• Registration of an individual entrepreneur or LLC. Passport, copy of ind, payment of duties.

Permissions

• Veterinary certificate from the sanitary epidemiological authority.
• Registration at the fish inspection.

The fish farming and growing business is now becoming more and more attractive for entrepreneurs in Russia.For many breeders, this is also an activity for the soul, the joy of being in nature, calm contemplation of a pacifying water surface, merrily splashing fish, and it is not for nothing that fishing is an ancient traditional occupation of a man. As a result of the efforts made, you can get a tasty and healthy product, as well as valuable raw materials for processing and manufacturing various culinary products.

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Prospects for the development of fisheries

The fish farming business is promising occupation, because the:

• Fish products are a common diet in the menu of Russians, including during religious fasts, and the basis for the preparation of many types of dishes. In addition, this is food not only with excellent taste, but also rich in easily digestible protein, trace elements, vitamins, and valuable fish oil.
• There is a steady stable demand for fish among the population, especially today, when, as a result of the economic processes of import substitution, the range of fish products in stores has noticeably decreased.
• Fish stocks in the natural environment are limited, every year they become less and less, therefore the relevance of the maintenance of fish farms is increasing.
• The organization of a business in itself, with a ready-made pond and the use of a natural fish feeding regime, can be simple and require minimal investment.
• Fish farming as a business can be combined with additional sources of income associated with this industry - the organization of processing fish raw materials, paid fishing services, recreation on the shore of the reservoir, where you can also organize places for the night, a mini-snack with various fish dishes (salted, dried , smoked, fried, canned fish).

The nuances and complexities of this business

Despite all the obvious advantages of making a profit from fisheries, it is necessary to designate and possible difficultiesthat will accompany the conduct of this business:

• Relatively low profitability of this type of production, about 10-20%. It can be slightly increased due to the accelerated fish farming cycle and the formation of stable demand for products. Unfortunately, many fish breeders in our country admit that because of the crisis it is more profitable to resell already grown fish than to start the whole cycle from scratch.
• A solid investment and a long payback period of the project - about 2-3 years, depending on the type of fish. An additional nuance is the seasonality of the sale of products for open reservoirs - as a rule, the autumn period. Whereas the rest of the time the business will only require cash investments, mainly for feed.
• The risk of reduction or destruction of the fish population in the farm due to non-compliance with the basic conditions of detention, malnutrition and the resulting diseases of individuals. Fish is quite sensitive to external conditions, therefore, the owners of reservoirs should strictly follow all the rules for its cultivation.
• Difficulties may arise at the stage of registration of permits for opening this type of business.

In order to neutralize all possible risks, it is recommended to carefully study all the literature on this issue before starting your own fish farming business, perhaps attend specialized courses, make excursions to successful fish farms in order to gain the necessary experience.

A competent detailed business plan for the maintenance of the fish farm is required.

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Organizational moments

It is permissible to register a fish farming business in the status of an individual entrepreneur or an LLC, depending on the volume of production. However, it should be borne in mind that large companies, when cooperating, still trust legal entities more.

First you should choose breeding pond fish. This can be a natural or artificial pond, a specially created pool with a closed water supply installation, or a technology for growing fish in cages. Then it is necessary, through a marketing analysis of the local market, to decide on the type of fish being launched and the required production volumes. This is followed by the procedure for registering a purchased or rented reservoir and obtaining mandatory permits.

A permit to organize a fish farming business is taken from the local government bodies in charge of the territory of the pond, from the State Committee for Fisheries (permit for catching fish), and from the State Committee for Water Resources (control of water resources). It may be required to conduct an environmental impact assessment and obtain permission from the Ministry of Emergencies. Also, in order to carry out entrepreneurial activities related to the sale of fish or the organization of paid fishing, it is necessary to obtain certificates of the sanitary and epidemiological station.

When choosing sources of funding, it should be understood that a businessman will be able to receive his first income no earlier than 2 years after opening a business. Therefore, raising borrowed funds in the form of a loan for a small business may be unprofitable. Here, the preferred ways will be: the availability of own funds, the search for an interested investor, or government subsidies for the development of aquaculture as an agricultural sector.

Choosing an affordable and profitable type of fish

The greatest demand among buyers is the following types of fish:

1. Carp family - carp, crucian carp, tench, bream, silver carp;
2. Salmon family - trout, salmon, salmon, pink salmon.

The most profitable options for raising fish in a commercial volume in terms of the ratio of costs, conditions of keeping and the expected profit are carp and trout. Weight of adult carp: 1.2-1.7 kg, trout: 0.8-1 kg. Before reaching such a mass, carp grows for 3 years, trout for 2.5 years. The most popular types of carp are scaly, naked, mirror, trout - river, rainbow.

Fish breeders advise buying already grown fry for about 4 months, since removing fish from eggs, that is, growing it from the very beginning, can be very costly and risky. It is better to take planting material for reservoirs at proven fish factories.

An example of organizing a trout breeding business is discussed in this video:

Thinking over the place of sale of products

Implementation of the obtained fish products depends on the volume and is possible in the following ways:

• Through the network of specialized fish stores;
• In food markets;
• In the fish departments of large supermarkets;
• In stalls, kiosks, from a fish car;
• By delivery to canteens, cafes, restaurants;
• In the form of selling raw materials for fish processing enterprises;
• Through wholesale resellers;
• Through online commerce.

For the sale of fish through grocery stores and supermarkets, a supply agreement will be required. It is possible to install a mini-pool with live fish in supermarkets to advertise products, but stores are reluctant to do this. It should be remembered that there is competition in this type of business, that the purchase of fish is not available to all potential buyers due to the high price of the product. In addition, the money for the fish sold is received only upon its sale, that is, payments are delayed.

Pond preparation

The main directions of fish farming:

1. Pond farming (natural or artificial) - suitable for raising many types of fish.
2. Basin breeding with a recirculated water system - may also work for most fish species.
3. Breeding fish in cages, large barrels, tubs is acceptable for large breeds.

The best location for the reservoir will be the countryside; even your own land plot or summer cottage will do. There must be access roads to the reservoir. An advantageous location will be the presence of a nearby settlement for an established sales system.

For the development of fish to take place in the correct way, the reservoir must correspond certain parameters:

• a place that is not too elevated, but not low, is suitable to exclude the consequences of a flood;
• one of the sections of the pond must necessarily fall into partial shade to avoid overheating of the fish;
• a small number of trees are permissible around the reservoir, since the roots can deform the reservoir, and in the fall the leaves will clog the pond;
• the optimal pond size for a mini-fish farm is 30-50 sq. m;
• the depth of the pool or pond is at least 1.5 m;
• a clean bottom without peat or silt is necessary;
• breeding different fish will require a variety of soil;
• the vegetation of the reservoir is justified in moderation;
• the bottom topography should be complex: with alternating deep water and shallow water, with rapids and ledges of various sizes;
• in winter, a layer of unfrozen water of about 1 m is required in the pond. Ice-holes are made in the thickness of the ice, covered with straw so that the fish does not suffocate. You can also freeze a bundle of reeds vertically into the ice for the same purpose.

The reservoir will be used for keeping fish, raising it, selecting eggs and incubating the young. In large developed farms, several types of reservoirs are arranged: spawning pond, rearing pond, feeding pond, wintering pond. Periodic cleaning of the pond from fish waste products is imperative. It is less productive than fish farming in pools, but it is convenient for landowners.

Artificial pond it is made according to a special technology of a rounded shape, the soil at the bottom is compacted, it is cemented. A plastic film is placed on the bottom, water is started up to about 1/3, then a layer of soil or river sand is placed and underwater plants are planted. After that, all the water is added. For some time, the pond stands without fish, so that the water reaches its natural temperature and its own environment of microorganisms appears. It is recommended to fill up a few buckets from a natural reservoir so that the water quickly becomes "alive".

Pond size in depth should be at least 1.5 m, and in area - at the rate of at least 10-15 cm in length per individual. There are some nuances here: it is better for fish to winter with great depth, but in summer such a reservoir will warm up unevenly. A shallow pool with a large surface absorbs more oxygen, which is beneficial for fish. Before the first start, it is necessary to equalize the temperature in the pond and in the portable container with fish so that there is no temperature shock. In the future, purification and aeration of water, control of vegetation on the water surface will be required.

Fish farming in basins with recirculating water (installation of a closed water supply) requires certain costs, but this is a promising option. Their cost is high, but the density of fish in them is also the highest.For normal development, water must be continuously purified and enriched with oxygen. Fish grows rather quickly in RAS, for example, trout reaches the marketable weight after 2 years.

For installation cages containers welded from sheet iron are required. They can be purchased ready-made or made yourself. The cages must be covered so that the birds do not catch most of the young fish.

Thus, the type of reservoir can be any, the main thing is to create comfortable conditions for keeping fish.

Selection and purchase of suitable equipment

Necessary equipment for fish farming includes:

• gravity filter - protects water from bloom and pollution;
• compressor (aerator) - will not let the fish die from lack of air;
• ultraviolet sterilizer - eliminates water bloom in the pond;
• hydraulic pump - helps to pump water into an artificial pool;
• generator, uninterruptible power supply in the event of a power outage;
• feeding troughs, including automatic;
• water condition analyzers;
• various devices for catching fish (nets, nets, etc.).

There are both domestically produced devices and their foreign counterparts on the market. Today, preference is given mainly to Russian manufacturers due to budget savings.

Organization of an appropriate water climate for fish

The temperature of the water, its acidity, as well as the oxygen content in it, determine the health and growth of fish. Also an important condition is the purity of the water, the absence of mechanical and chemical impurities in it.

Climatic conditions for keeping different fish species may vary. So, warm water (24-26 degrees) is best for carp, and cooler water (16-19 degrees) for trout. To maintain such conditions, carp can be kept at a depth of 1.5-2 m, and trout - up to 15 m, respectively. A deviation of the temperature column in one direction or another may threaten a deterioration in the condition of the fish.

A prerequisite fish farming is the periodic filtration of water, its aeration. Under optimal conditions, fish will grow faster, which is very important for business.

Fish farming technology

Each fish breed has its own peculiarities of breeding, which must be taken into account in business planning. At the same time, 1-2 workers are capable of servicing a mini-fish farm.

Use two basic technologies fish farming:

1. Traditional - consists of step-by-step actions for fish growing, as a rule, this is a 2-3-year cycle. Each technological operation is carried out in a special pond, upon completion of which the water must be drained. The fish is transplanted several times, which is very laborious and associated with population losses.
2. Continuous - provides for the rearing of young stock up to a weight of 1-1.5 kg and the further maintenance of fish without replanting. Only two ponds are required: one for fry and one for feeding. This technology is less labor intensive and more in demand.

Also fish can be grown intensive and extensive methods:

• When intensive, the fish receives special feed in addition to the natural one. The productivity of the farm will be the highest here.
• When extensive, the fish consumes natural food without special supplementation. This method requires minimal investment.

Regardless of the technology chosen and the method of fish breeding, it is important to remember that in the reservoir you should maintain constant purity and flow of water, make its technical aeration, liming to regulate acidity. The fish has time to gain the required marketable mass in about 2-3 years. The growth and productivity, reproduction, health of fish depend on the conditions of maintenance, the quality of water, food and the climatic zone in which the farm is located. Periodically (every 10 days) it is necessary to inspect the fish, give medicinal additives for prophylaxis.

The technology using RAS is discussed in the following video:

Feeding rules

Nutrition efficiency depends on the biological characteristics of a particular fish species, nutritional needs, opportunities for their growth and development, and is also associated with environmental conditions. The food differs in composition and useful properties not only for each breed, but also for adults and young animals within the same species. The energy requirements of fish are relatively low.

Despite the fact that the purchase of feed is the main cost item in the fisheries - 50-60%, it is important use only high quality feedwhich significantly accelerate the growth of fish. Protein-rich foods are especially needed. A gain of 1 kg is provided by 4 kg of feed. For comparison: from a reservoir of 1 hectare you can get fish products - 0.3 tons per year with natural feeding and 1.2 tons - with intensive feeding.

Necessary components of a complete feed for fish:

• amino acids to maintain appetite and favorable growth rates, especially for fry;
• vegetable and animal fats for the growth and health of the body;
• fiber - for trout - 20%, for carp - at least 40%;
• biologically active substances: premixes and enzyme preparations;
• forage of plant origin - mixtures of cereals, including bran, which provide carbohydrates and B vitamins;
• animal feed: meat and bone and krill meal;
• dairy products for young animals: dry return, dry milk;
• medicinal food to improve immunity.

For all fish species, feed in the form of a mixture of cereals and legumes, which is steamed to swell for feeding, is suitable. The volume is not more than 3-6% of the mass of the fish, it is important to observe the measure here. Meals are given 1-2 times a day at the same time in a certain place in the pond. To do this, you can use special feeders: pallet tables to keep track of how much feed has been eaten. Before feeding, you can ring the bell to attract fish.

Financial part

To organize fish farming, you will need initial investment from 500 thousand to 1 million rubles (depending on the size of the reservoir), which includes the purchase (or lease) and improvement of the pond (pool), the installation of cages (if provided by the technology), the purchase and installation of the necessary equipment, business registration and obtaining permits ...

Main costs:

1. Purchase of planting material (fry): 10-50 thousand rubles.
2. Purchase of feed: 10-50 thousand rubles.
3. Personnel salary: 30-50 thousand rubles.
4. Other costs (transport, utilities): 20-30 thousand rubles.

Total profit (excluding taxes) approximately: 200-300 thousand rubles.

Payback period: 2-2.5 years depending on the type of fish and the method of growing.

Additional income can be obtained from the organization of paid fishing and recreation near the pond - up to 10% of the total profit of the fish farm, as well as from the processing of fish raw materials, the manufacture of canned food and various types of fish products.

How to grow carp at home is described in the following video:

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