How did our ancestors grow bread demo material?

Nina Moroz
Summary of the educational situation on cognitive development "How our ancestors grew bread"

The abstract was drawn up and carried out as part of an innovative project

"Networking on the organization of child support in the context of the ethnographic orientation of preschool education"

Senior group

Topic: "How our ancestors grew bread"

Educational tasks:

Expand the preschoolers' ideas about growing bread in the old days, when there were no cars;

To acquaint with the tools used by our ancestors, methods of obtaining flour, baking bread, compare them with modern technical means;

Foster respect for grain growers and bread.

Materials for the lesson:

Demo:

1) presentation "How our ancestors grew bread"

2) sheaves of cereals, cereals, sickle, sieve

Course of the lesson:

1. Introduction to the situation

The teacher gathers the children around him.

-Do you like shopping with your moms?

- Which store do you like the most?

- Why do you like it?

- And I also want to offer you to go to the store today.

- Want to?

- Can you?

2. Updating knowledge

I invite everyone to go on a journey to the bread region together. Our friend Dunno will go with us. He also loves to go shopping. (Children get on an imaginary train and ride)

Physical education (A. Zheleznova)

-We are going-going-going

To a distant grain land.

And so that the path is shorter

Sing the song.

Tra-ta-ta, tra-ta-ta

Let the road be not easy

But we can do everything

We will overcome everything

We do everything while playing

Here's a story!

A bakery shop window appears on the screen.

Guys, here we come to the store. In front of you is a shop window.

- What products do you see in the window. (Children list)

- What is the name of this store?

- Why do you think this is a bread shop? (Because it contains flour products)

- Right.

- And from what flour is made (From wheat grains)

- Where to get wheat grains? (They need to be raised)

- Guys, Dunno doesn't know how to grow wheat.

-Let's remember, let us tell him what happens to the grain, before it becomes bread on the table.

3. Difficulty in the situation

The teacher gathers the children around the table, on which cards with images of labor tools lie in a chaotic manner.

- Want to help Dunno?

- Can you?

Children are given independence. Children try to arrange the cards in order. A difficulty arises, since they do not quite know the sequence of growing wheat in ancient times. If the children are sure that they have completed the task correctly, the teacher can say:

- Dunno doubts, it seems to him that you have not correctly laid out the pictures.

- Were we able to help Dunno put the pictures in order?

- Why couldn't you? (Because we don't know yet how bread was grown in the old days).

- So what do we need to find out? (How bread was grown in the old days. When there were no cars)

4. Discovery of new knowledge

- How can you find out? (Children offer different options, for example, ask someone who knows, read in a book, look on the Internet, find out about it in a museum, etc.).

- I liked the offer to go to the bread museum. Want to?

- But first, what are the rules of conduct in the museum? (Quiet, calm, do not touch the exhibits without permission)

- What is the name of the person who talks about the exhibits? (Guide.)

- Let me be a guide, you will be visitors to the museum. So, welcome to the museum!

Children sit on the floor (you can sit on the carpet) at the screen.

- What do you think, have there always been tractors, cars?

- Where did smart machines come from on Earth? (They were invented and created by man.)

- That's right, it means that the machines belong to the man-made world.But in order to create an assistant machine, mankind had to go a very long way.

I want to tell you a story.

In the old days, bread was not bought in a store, but housewives baked in a Russian oven. They said:

- When you eat bread, think about how it ended up on the table. So how did he end up on our table? Listen to my tale:

- Once upon a time there was a man in one village. The peasant wanted to eat, he looked - but there was no bread. He decided to grow bread. -Where to begin? - thinks.

- And what do you think?

The man went into the field, and he argues with himself.

- I'll sow rye, wheat. The peasant got ready to throw grain into the ground, and the mother earth said to him:

-Wait, man, throw the grains into the ground, first you need to cook me.

The man scratched the back of his head - how to prepare the earth for sowing, what do you think?

And the earthen prompts him: - First you need to plow the land, then harrow, then fertilize, then sow.

- Do you guys know what the land was cultivated with? Look at the painting by the artist A. N Komarov "On arable land". How did you plow the land? Listen:

- they harnessed the horse, hooked up a wooden plow, the peasant walked behind the plow, pressed it into the ground - helped the horse to pull the plow.

They also harrowed on horseback with wooden harrows. They sowed by hand, hooking a sieve with grain on their shoulders (show the grain) - this is the kind of grain that was sown. They sowed and said:

I sow, I blow, I sow,

I sow the land with bread. (Repeat)

BREAD GROWS

The earth feeds the winter, the sky gives it rain, the sun warms up with warmth, and the summer - know that it grows bread. The sun shines, warms the earth and gives the seed warmth. In the warmth, the seed begins to germinate.

For a long time, or for a short time, the peasant's rye and wheat also ripened.

Riddle: guess the riddle:

He is golden and mustache

There are a hundred guys in a hundred pockets. (ear)

-See what spikelets we have in the museum. (I show a sheaf of real spikelets and spikelets made of paper made by the origami method /

HARVEST is a responsible time. The peasants had to determine the exact time when to start it, so that both on time and in good weather. And then the farmers watched everything and everyone: the sky, stars, plants, animals and insects. -It's time to harvest the harvest, the man called his assistants, they took sharp sickles (demonstration of the sickle, wave sickles, cut the ears, knit into sheaves

We gathered a sheaf of wheat and beat it off with chains.

Miller, take the grain. Let it become a torment.

GRAIN THRESHING

The peasants meticulously calculated the timing of the harvest, and if the weather did not allow waiting for the grain to ripen, then it was harvested unripe. Green ears were also cut in the northern regions, where they simply did not have time to ripen.

AT THE MILL

The first tools for grinding grain were a stone mortar and pestle. Then they began not to crush the grain, but to grind it. The grain milling process has been continuously improved.

Guess what it is?

A woman is standing upright, waving her arms, and what he eats, so people are fed up. (mill)

Let's play with you and game "Mill" The players stand in a circle and sing, accompanying the song with movements.

Shallow, shallow, mill (circular movements up and down)

The grindstones rotate (circular motions in front of the chest)

Stranded, stranded, go to sleep (same movements)

And stuff in bags ("Sieve" movement)

BAKING BREAD

In ancient times, housewives baked bread almost daily. Usually they started kneading the dough at dawn. They put on clean clothes, prayed and got to work.

BREAD ON THE TABLE

In the villages, the peasants baked their own bread. In the cities, bakeries were built, which were called bread huts. Since the 16th century, bakers in Russia have been subdivided into bread bakers, kalachnikov, pies, gingerbread cookies, pancakes, and rushes.

-Well,. that Dunno, you now know how bread was grown before.

- Yes, I found out.

And as a keepsake, the guys give you a sheaf that they made themselves. (They give spikelets of paper made by origami method)

- Our excursion to the bread museum has come to an end. Let's thank the tour guide for an interesting excursion.

5. Incorporation of new knowledge into the children's knowledge system.

- Can we put the cards in order now?

Children return to the table with "cards" and collectively arrange them in order.

- Dunno is very happy and thanks us for our help.

6. Reflection

Didactic tasks: reflection of activities in the classroom, creation of a situation of success.

- Guys, where we visited today (We were in the bakery)

- Whom and how did we manage to help? (They helped Dunno to arrange the cards "How bread was grown in the old days" in order)

- What new knowledge helped us in this? (We learned how in the old days they grew bread while there were no helpers).

It is impossible to imagine the life of a modern person who can cook for himself many different dishes without bread. Bread is the head of everything. But how did our ancestors manage without bread? And when did they learn to bake it?

Memories of the past
Now we stir less and less
And at the dinner table
We do not divide the bread, we just cut it,
Moreover, forgetting about the knife is not sharp,
We grumble that the bread is a little stale,
And yourself, maybe at this hour
Make him callous many times over.

Already in the Stone Age, people noticed that the grains of some plants are very satisfying, moreover, unlike fruits and mushrooms, they do not deteriorate for a long time. These plants are wild grains: rye, wheat, barley.

Tribes of primitive gatherers settled near the fields of wild grains. They cut off mature ears with stone sickles. Gradually, people invented various tools with which they cultivated the land, harvested grain, and milled flour.

Preparing land for sowing is hard work. In most of Russia, in ancient times, mighty, impassable forests grew. The peasants had to uproot trees, free the soil from the roots. Even flat areas near rivers were not easy to cultivate for sowing.

“The earth was caked: never tossed, it is dead, because there is no access to air, and plants cannot live without air ... everyone needs air for breathing. To give life to the earth, it is necessary to turn it out, it is necessary to open access to the air, that is, to break it up, grind it up ”(S. V. Maksimov). To make the land "come to life", it was necessary to plow it, and more than once: first in the fall, then in the spring before sowing. Plowed in those ancient times with a plow or roe deer. These are simple tools that every peasant could make himself.

Later, the plow appeared, although it did not completely replace the plow. What to plow, the peasant decided. It depended on the soil. The plow was more often used on heavy fertile soils. Unlike the plow, the plow not only cut the soil layer, but also turned it over.

After the field is plowed, it is necessary to "comb it". They did it with the following tool: "Vito sieve with four corners, five heels, fifty rods, twenty-five arrows." This is a harrow. Sometimes a spruce log with a large number of long knots was used as a harrow. A “redesigned” harrow is a four-bar grid to which wooden or iron tines are attached.

When harrowing, all the clods were broken, and the stones were removed. The land became loose, ready for sowing.

RIDDLES, PROBLEMS AND SPELLS

Baba Yaga, with a pitchfork: the whole world feeds, she herself is hungry. (Sokha)

He walks in the field from edge to edge, cuts a black loaf. (Plow)

* * *

• Sow at the right time - you will collect grain from the mountain.
• Better starve, but sow with good seed.
• Put manure thickly, the barn will not be empty.
• Not the owner of the land who wanders on it, but the one who walks with the plow.
• There is no time to lie down when I have come to strike.
• Backache, but bread on the table.

2. SEB In Russia, the year began in the spring. The life of the peasant largely depended on sowing. A harvest year is a comfortable, well-fed life. In lean years, they had to starve.

The peasants carefully stored the seeds for future sowing in a cool dry place so that they would not germinate ahead of time. They checked more than once if the seeds were good. The grains were placed in the water - if they did not float up, but sank to the bottom, then they were good. The grains should also be not stale, that is, they should not be stored for more than one winter, so that they have enough strength to cope with weeds.

In those days, there were no weather forecasts, so the peasants relied on themselves and folk signs. We watched natural phenomena in order to start sowing on time.

It was argued that if you listen closely, you can hear the frog as if pronouncing: it's time to sow. If the first water during river floods is high, the spring sowing is early, but not - late.

Sowing Day is one of the most important, but also the most solemn days in the agricultural year. Therefore, the first sower went out barefoot (feet should have been warm) in the field in a white or red (festive) shirt, a basket of seeds hung on his chest. He scattered the seeds evenly, with a "secret silent prayer." After sowing, the grain had to be hardened.

In ancient times, peasants preferred rye: it is more reliable, resistant to cold weather and changing weather. Wheat bread tastes better, but this cereal is more hassle. Wheat is capricious, thermophilic, it may not be born. And wheat takes away all the "strength" from the earth. One and the same field cannot be sown with wheat for two years in a row.

The peasants planted grain crops not only in spring but also in autumn. Before the onset of severe cold weather, winter cereals were sown. These plants had time to sprout and appear on the surface before winter. And when the foliage turned yellow around, the winter sprouts began to fade and fall off. If there were warm autumn days for a long time, then the peasants specially released cattle into the winter field. The animals ate the shoots, and then the plant rooted more actively. Now the peasants hoped for a snowy winter. Snow is a fur coat for plants. Branches of trees and various objects were placed on the fields so that the snow “clings” to them and remains in the fields.

RIDDLES, PROBLEMS, SPELLS

It turns green for two weeks

It has been earing for two weeks,
Two weeks fades
Pours two weeks
It dries up for two weeks. (Rye)
* * *
Rides on his back in the field,
On the field - on my feet. (Harrow)
* * *

• Bread is father, voditsa is mother.

• Bread is on the table, and the table is a throne; but not a piece of bread - and the throne is a board.
• There are mosquitoes - it's time to sow rye.
• The frog is quacking - the oats are jumping.

3. BREAD GROWS From the moment the grain hits the ground, it tries to get out.

"The earth feeds the winter, the sky gives it rain, the sun warms up with warmth, and the summer - know that it grows bread." The sun shines, warms the earth and gives the seed warmth. In the warmth, the seed begins to germinate. But not only the grain needs warmth, it also needs to “drink and eat”. The mother-cheese-earth can feed the grain. It contains all the necessary nutrients for the growth of cereals. In order for the grains to grow faster, the harvest was greater, the land was fertilized. Fertilizers in those days were natural. The land was fertilized with manure, which accumulated over the year from keeping livestock.

Piss, piss, rain
On our rye;
For grandma's wheat
For grandfather's barley
Water all day.

So the rain was called. Without rain, bread will never grow. But the rain should be in moderation. If it rained too often and interfered with the ripening of the crop, then the children uttered another call:

Rainbow arc
Kill the rain
Give me the sun.

The sun gives plants not only warmth, but also light. The first leaves sprout vertically upward, but the subsequent ones grow in the opposite direction and then give roots, and a whole bush is obtained from one grain.

In the old days June was also called grain grower. The peasants even counted how many warm, bright days are needed for the cereals to ripen: “Then, on 137 warm days, winter rye ripens and winter wheat ripens at the same degrees of heat, but ripens more slowly, not earlier than 149 days”.

"Sinets and bells, and the end of the bread." Who are these - the spiteful "blue bream and bell" and what are they armed with, how can they destroy the bread? These are plants that appear on the grain field on their own, although no one planted them there and begin to take nutrients from the grain - weeds.

The grain cannot do without the help of the peasants.The peasants "armed themselves" with various devices and fought against weeds - "sedge, various mint, broomsticks or panicles, and the grass of the fire." It took a lot of work, but it was not always possible to defeat the weeds. For example, if wheatgrass appears in the field, then it is already very difficult to remove it. It is necessary to collect all the pieces of wheatgrass roots, otherwise a new wheatgrass may grow from a small particle.

Vole mice caused great harm to grain fields, arranged grain in rye, and ate up roots. The real disaster for cereals was the locusts, whose swarms could leave nothing at all from the plants. Birds - sparrows and especially corncrake - helped the peasants to fight insects.

MYSTERY

One pours

Another drinks
The third turns green
Yes, it grows. (Rain, earth, bread)

4. THE HARVEST The harvest is a responsible time. The peasants had to determine the exact time when to start it, so that both on time and in good weather. And then the farmers watched everything and everyone: the sky, stars, plants, animals and insects. The ripeness of the bread was checked for a tooth: the spikelets were torn, peeled off - and in the mouth: if the grains crunch, it means that they are ripe.

The day of the beginning of the harvest was called Zazhinki. The ethnographer A. Tereshchenko describes Zazhinki in the book “Life of the Russian People” as follows: “When the harvest is ripe, the prosperous owner gives a feast to his neighbors: he treats him to vodka and pies and asks them to help him in gathering bread. Many serve prayers and then sprinkle holy water on the fields and reapers. The master or priest takes a sickle and makes the firstfruits; the first ears removed are called zhinka. They are kept until next year. "

"The rye is ripe - get down to business." Everyone got down to business together, the whole family went out into the field. And if they understood that they would not manage the harvest themselves, then they called for help.

The work was very difficult. I had to get up before dawn and go to the field. “There is no time to lie down, when to start thrilling. And we will collect the harvest, we will start a round dance ”.

The most important thing was to reap the harvest on time. Everyone forgot about their illnesses and sorrows. What you collect, so you live the whole year. Harvesting is a hard work, but it brings joy. “Gathering bread is accompanied by singing filled with spiritual joy. Unaccountably playful songs are heard across the fields; nature itself, it seems, is having fun with the reapers: everything smells of them and everything lives with delightful gaiety, ”A. Tereshchenko wrote about the village harvest.

Grain was harvested with scythes and sickles. If the rye grew tall and thick, they preferred to use a sickle, and the low and rare cornfield was mowed with a scythe. The mown plants were tied in sheaves.

POEMS, RIDDLES, FOLK CHARACTERS

Meanwhile, an idle peasant

The fruit of the annual labors gathers;
Having swept away the mown grain of the valleys into haystacks,
With a sickle, he hurries into the field.
The sickle is walking. On compressed furrows
The sheaves stand in heaps of brilliant ...

E. Baratynsky * * *

The vigorous rye spoke:
I can't stand in the field
Keep the spikelets.
I have to stand
In the field in heaps,
In the threshing floor with haystacks
In a crate with boxes,
And on the table with pies!
* * *
• The pike dives, the whole forest walks, raises mountains. (Scythe)
• Not the sea, but worries. (Field)
• A hunchback, a hunchback, I crossed the whole field, I reread all the mustaches. (Sickle)
• Small, hunchbacked, skipped the whole field. (Sickle)
• Black in autumn, white in winter, green in spring, yellow in summer. (Niva)
• A thousand brothers are belted with one belt, put on the mother. (Sheaves on the ground)
• The beluzhin's fish wagged its tail: the forests were asleep, the mountains were steel. (Scythe)
• A white white woman walked across the field, came home, lay down under the shed. (Scythe)
* * *
• In winter, there is a lot of frost on the trees - the bread will be born.
• In winter, snow is blown into the snowdrifts, rye will be good.
• In winter, the snow is loose - the harvest is abundant.
• Whoever sows early does not lose seeds. In the spring you will be late an hour - you will not catch up in a year.
• To plow and harrow - not to drop an hour.
• They rush to raise the steam until the weed seeds are ripe. They say: "An early pair will give birth to a wheat, and a late one will give birth to a swoop."

5. GRAIN THRESHING The peasants meticulously calculated the timing of the harvest, and if the weather did not allow waiting for the grain to ripen, then it was harvested unripe. Green ears were also cut in the northern regions, where they simply did not have time to ripen.

Usually the harvest was completed on the day of the Assumption of the Most Holy Theotokos - August 28 (August 15, old style). The popular name of this holiday is Spozhinki.

Sheaves were first carried to a barn or a barn. Ovin is an outbuilding in which sheaves were dried before threshing. Ovin usually consisted of a pit, where a stove was located without a pipe, as well as an upper tier, where the sheaves were stacked. Riga - a building with an oven for drying sheaf bread and flax. Riga was bigger than a barn. Up to 5 thousand sheaves were dried in it, while in the barn - no more than 500.

Ripe grain was transported directly to the threshing floor - a fenced-off plot of land intended for storage, threshing and other processing of grain - and threshed there. This was one of the most difficult stages of labor. The richer people tried to invite someone to help do the job.

And the work consisted of the following: they took a hammer (threshed) or a flail and hit the sheaves in order to "free" the grain. To obtain the best seeds and unbroken straw, they used a sheaf about a barrel. Later, these methods began to be replaced by threshing with the help of threshers, which worked on horse or steam traction. A special trade was created for threshers who worked on their own machines for hire.

The threshing of bread did not always take place immediately, sometimes this process was delayed, threshed both in autumn and at the beginning of winter. After threshing, the grain was blown - usually standing in the wind with a shovel.

Riddles, proverbs, sayings, folk characters

• Frol is standing, and his mouth is on the floor. (Barn)

• Andryukha is standing with a full belly. (Barn)
• There is a wolf, side / shred ripped out. (Barn)

* * *

• Do not look into the sky, there is no bread, and to the earth below - closer to the bread.
• They wait in the summertime, and chew in the cold winter.
• It is not the fur coat that warms, but the bread.
• The birch is blooming - this is oats. The frog with the voice is this oat. Overdried the soil - it is too late to sow oats.
• Do not this wheat before the oak leaf. This wheat when the bird cherry blossoms.
• Wheatgrass does not like dull soil. Therefore, they say: "This wheat in a bucket", "Rye loves at least for an hour, but in the sand (in the dry ground)."
• Sow rye with a north wind - better harvest.
• Oak leaf from a nickle - this spring. The acacia has bloomed - plant cucumbers.
* * *
Frets, frets, frets,
The hostess is glad to us,
We are singing about bread
We are talking about that.
The bread was removed, and it became quieter,
Bins breathe hotly,
The field is asleep, it is tired,
Winter is coming.
Haze floats over the village
People bake bread in their homes.
Come on in, don't hesitate,
Treat yourself to our bread.

6. AT THE MILL As you know, bread is baked from flour. To get flour, the grain needs to be crushed - grind.

The first tools for grinding grain were a stone mortar and pestle. Then they began not to crush the grain, but to grind it. The grain milling process has been continuously improved.

The invention of the hand grinding mill was a significant step forward. Its basis is a millstone - two heavy slabs, between which the grain was ground. The lower millstone was set motionless. The grain was poured through a special hole in the upper millstone, which was set in motion by the muscular power of humans or animals. Large, heavy millstones were turned by horses or bulls.

It became easier to grind grain, but the job was still hard. The situation changed only after the water mill was constructed. In flat areas, the speed of the river flow is small in order to rotate the wheel by the force of the water jet. To create the necessary pressure, the rivers were dammed, the water level was artificially raised and the stream was directed along the chute onto the wheel blades.

Over time, the structure of the mill was improved, windmills appeared, their blades were rotated by the wind. Windmills were built in areas where there were no bodies of water nearby. In some localities, the millstones were set in motion by animals - horses, bulls, donkeys.Poems, riddles, proverbs, sayings, folk signs

Evil winds bent the ear, and it rained on the ear,

But they could not break him over the summer.
“This is what I am,” he boasted, “I coped with the wind, with the water!”
Before that, he became proud, grew up with a beard.

S. Pogorelovsky * * *

• Sem bread, do not sleep, you will reap, you will not doze.
• Do not wait for the harvest, this grain, there will be bread.
• Not the earth will give birth to bread, but the sky.
• Overseeding is worse than underseeding.
• There was a hut, but there was no bread.
• You will be pierced without a mind, but you will not live without bread.
• It's cold without a stove, hungry without bread.
• Rye will not be born - you will go around the world.
• Kalach will become boring, but bread never.
• Each seed knows its time.
• For the time being, do not sow the seed.
• This time - you will collect bread from the mountain.
• This even in the sand, but at your hour.
• Sow in the weather - more offspring.
* * *
• Buckwheat loves dry warm ground.
• Dust behind the harrow - there will be a pancake.
• You sow a day earlier - you reap a week earlier.
* * *
The whole world feeds, she does not eat.
All his life he flaps his wings
But it cannot fly away. (Mill)
* * *
At the flatbread, loaf,
Drying, buns, patties
Gray-haired from birth
A mother named ... (agony).

7. BAKING BREAD In ancient times, housewives baked bread almost daily. Usually they started kneading the dough at dawn. They put on clean clothes, prayed and got to work.

The dough recipes were different, but the main ingredients were flour and water. If there was not enough flour, then they bought it at the bazaar. To check the quality, the flour was tasted "by the mouth". They took a pinch of flour and chewed, if the resulting "dough" stretched well and not very sticky to the hands, then the flour is good.

Before kneading the dough, the flour was sieved through a sieve. Flour in the process of sifting had to "breathe".

In Russia, they baked black "sour" bread. It was called black because rye flour was used for its preparation, and it has a darker color than wheat flour. "Sour" - because sour leaven was used. After kneading the dough in a dough - a wooden tub - and molding round loaves, the hostess collected the remnants of the dough from the walls into a lump, sprinkled it with flour and left it for sourdough until the next time.

The finished dough was sent to the oven. Stoves in Russia were special. They heated the room, baked bread on them, cooked food, slept, sometimes even washed and treated themselves.

They put bread in the oven with prayer. In no case, while the bread was in the oven, it was impossible to swear or quarrel with anyone. Then the bread will not work.

It was necessary to follow the rules of baking bread. Bread was baked strictly at a certain temperature. How to measure temperature if there is no thermometer? The hostesses waited until only coals remained in the furnace. Swept under - this was the name of the surface on which the dough was placed. Then they threw on a pinch of flour: if the flour turned black, then the heat in the oven was too strong and you had to wait. After a while, they were moistened with water and tried again. If the flour turns brown, then it's time to plant bread. This was done with a bread shovel. PUZZLES

I listen, I listen -

Sigh after sigh, but not a soul in the hut. (Kvash with dough)
* * *
The barn of tailless sheep is full;
One was with a tail, and she left. (Bread and shovel)
* * *
A great star has risen on the stove.
Without arms, without legs - crawling up the mountain.
Without arms, without legs - he climbs on a linden. (Kvashnya)
* * *
There is a brick hut
Sometimes it's cold, sometimes it's hot. (Bake)
* * *
We bought a new one, so round,
They swing in their hands, but it's all in holes. (Sieve)
* * *
From under the linden bush
The snowstorm beats thick.
The hare runs, the tracks fall asleep. (Flour is sown)
* * *
Black Mountain, but everyone is lovely. (Black bread)
* * *
Stirred, fermented, felted, put in the oven. (Dough)

8. BREAD ON THE TABLE Bread was the breadwinner of the Russian people, the main delicacy on the table.

In the villages, the peasants baked their own bread. In the cities, bakeries were built, which were called bread huts. Since the 16th century, bakers in Russia have been subdivided into bread bakers, kalachniks, pies, gingerbread cookies, pancakes, and sitniks.

The royal court had its own bread hut, or rather a palace. The sovereign's bread palace was located in the Kremlin on the site where the Armory is now located. There was made bread for the royal table, called basman. The pattern "Basma" was applied to this bread in a special way.

Large bakeries also operated in Russian monasteries. Rye bread and prosphora were baked there. In those days, cakes, rolls and other bread products were baked. The chronicles of the 10th – 13th centuries mention “breads with honey, poppy seeds, cottage cheese,” rugs, various pies with all kinds of fillings, which are an indispensable part of the Russian festive table. It was customary to decorate festive tables with baked goods. On especially solemn occasions, for example, at weddings, a loaf was baked. It was considered a symbol of happiness, prosperity and abundance. The loaf was carried out on a towel - an embroidered towel. The more magnificently the loaf is baked, the happier and richer the newlyweds will live.

The famous housekeeping encyclopedia "Domostroy" contains recipes for the Russian Orthodox table: pies in nut butter, fried with peas; fermented pancakes; hearth pies, fermented with peas; large poppy pies, fried in hemp oil with peas; big pies with poppy juice and juicy; pies with visiga, whitefish, catfish, herring.

Since bread was the main food product, and grain growing was the main occupation of the Slavs, many traditions and customs are associated with bread, and there are countless poems, songs, proverbs and sayings.

To meet a guest with bread and salt meant to show respect and honor to the guest. To share bread is to recognize a person as a friend.

POEMS AND RIDDLES

A grain was satisfied between two millstones. One says - let's run, the other says - we'll lie down, the third says - we'll swing. (Water, millstone, wheel)

They beat me, beat me, cut me, but I endure everything, cry people kindly. (Bread)
* * *
The sky is happy with the sun, the pole is a sunflower.
I am glad to have a tablecloth on the bread: it is like the sun on it.

G. Vieru * * *

Here it is fragrant bread, here it is warm, golden.
He came to every house, to every table.
In him is our health, strength, in him wonderful warmth.
How many hands raised, guarded, protected him.
In it - the land of the dear juices,
The sun's light is cheerful in it ...
Tuck into both cheeks, grow into a hero!

S. Pogorelovsky * * *

They put him in the oven first,
And how will he get out of there,
Then they put it on a dish.
Well, now call the guys!
Everyone will eat a piece. (Pie)
* * *
He's on a painted platter,
With a snow-white towel.
We bring salt with a loaf,
Bowing down, we ask you to taste:
Our dear guest and friend,
Take bread and salt from your hands!

V. Bakaldin

E. L. Emelyanova