How People Grow Bread Harvest Pictures?

Galina Yurkina
Synopsis of an integrated lesson. "How bread is grown"

Galina Yurkina, teacher of the MBDOU kindergarten "Romashka"

Program tasks:

- To consolidate the knowledge of older preschoolers about breadas one of the most valuable products and the greatest wealth on earth; knowledge of professions, growing bread.

- Enrich knowledge of how the table appears breadwhich way it goes before we eat it.

- Consolidate knowledge of proverbs and sayings about bread.

- Exercise in counting, knowledge of geometric shapes and numbers, ability expressively read poetry and stage.

- Dictionary activation: ear, rye, wheat, mow, harvest, thresh, elevator, tractor driver, combine operator, miller, baker.

- To develop attention, coherent speech, memory, activity and small muscles of the fingers.

- To cultivate respect for bread, respect for the work of people.

Methodological support: projector, laptop, slideshow "Where bread has come?», didactic game "Logical chain", proverbs and sayings about bread, geometric mosaic "Spikelet", image of spikelets, tractors, loaf cap, attributes of a miller, baker, tractor driver and combine operator.

Preliminary work: viewing the album «Bread is the head of everything», excursions to the field and grain current, memorizing poetry, proverbs and sayings about bread, role-playing game "Harvest", conversations about the work of adults.

Stroke classes: (The teacher brings in a loaf of bread). Bread! How often we speak and hear about him! They wake up in the morning in the house, and someone from the family is in a hurry to buy fresh bread.

"There he is fragrant bread, with a twisted crust;

Here it is warm, golden, as if filled with the sun!

He came to every house, to every table.

In him is our health, strength, in him wonderful warmth.

How many hands raised, guarded, protected him!

It contains the land of the dear sap, the light of the sun is cheerful in it ...

Tuck into both cheeks grow up to be a hero! (S. Pogorelovsky).

How does it turn out bread, the same one that we buy every day in the store? (Answers of children).

The teacher summarizes the children's answers with a story and a slideshow "Where bread has come?»:

1 slide. Grain growers already in winter they begin to think about the future harvest - they make snow retention so that there is a lot of moisture in the soil and more will grow of bread.

2 slide. Tractor drivers take out fertilizers to the field for future seedlings. Fertilizers for plants, like vitamins for children.

3 slide. In the spring, tractors leave the field. Tractor drivers have a lot work: you need to plow, loosen the ground - prepare a soft bed for the grains. No wonder they say: "Spring day - feeds the year".

4 slide. Seed drills have entered the plowed field, which are sown in three rows at once. The grains fall into the ground evenly. The fields are huge and can only be sown quickly with the help of technology.

5 slide. Then the tractor drivers harrow the sown field.

6 slide. As time goes on, grains sprout from the ground, shoots appear and now the whole field is covered with golden ears The grain fields are like the sea... The wind will blow and the ears will sway like waves.

7 slide. Autumn is coming. The ears turned golden, rye and wheat ripened. It's time to harvest. It is forbidden procrastinate: ears may crumble and grains fall to the ground. Harvesters came out into the field, which cut the ears, thresh, separating the grains from the ears. Combine operators are in a hurry to harvest while the weather is fine.

8 slide. Harvested. Machines are transporting grain to a new home - a huge grain elevator where the grain is stored.

9 slide. The grain is then sent to flour mills, where it is ground into flour using electric mills. Flour is transported in special machines to bakeries and bakeries.

10 slide. Bakers bake from flour bread, loaves, rolls.

11 slide. Bread they bring special cars to stores. People buy in stores bread.

12 slide. Bread is needed by every person. Folk proverb reads: «Bread is the head of everything»... Many people work to bread hit our table... You need to protect bread. Bread is our wealth... Never quit bread! Take care of it!

Now let's play "Logical chain"... (Children arrange the pictures in order, in numbers, to get a path to breadas in a slideshow).

Phys. a minute: How many spikelets are in the field -

Let's take so many steps. (Walking up to 10).

What kind of loaf grew?

Raise your hands higher! (Hands up and reach out).

Now bend down below,

How the wheat sways. (Side bends).

How many tractors are there in the field,

Let's do so many jumps! (Jumps to 6).

Bread - one of the greatest creations of human hands, the result of the labor of a farmer who raised a golden ear with precious grain. Tiny bread the grain contains many healthy minerals, vitamins, carbohydrates and protein. Verily, the seed of life! And what is the shape of the grain? Let's collect a spikelet of wheat from the grains.

The game is being played "Whoever picks up a spikelet sooner" from a geometric mosaic.

What proverbs and sayings do you know about bread?

- Praise the hands that smell bread!

- And lunch is not for lunch, if no bread!

— Khlebushko - kalachu grandfather.

- Buckwheat porridge is our mother, and loaf rye - dear father!

- Gold and silver are only stones, and wheat is a jewel!

Guys, let's play loaf and remember the professions of people who work so that we eat tasty and healthy every day bread.

Staged "Harvest Festival" (poetic text by T. Kolomiets, Russian text by V. Prikhodko).

It is impossible to imagine the life of a modern person who can cook for himself many different dishes without bread. Bread is the head of everything. But how did our ancestors manage without bread? And when did they learn how to bake it?

Memories of the past
Now we stir less and less
And at the dinner table
We do not divide the bread, we just cut it,
Moreover, forgetting about the not sharp knife,
We grumble that the bread is a little stale,
And yourself, maybe at this hour
Make him callous many times over.

Already in the Stone Age, people noticed that the grains of some plants are very satisfying, besides, they, unlike fruits and mushrooms, do not deteriorate for a long time. These plants are wild grains: rye, wheat, barley.

Tribes of primitive gatherers settled near the fields of wild grains. They cut off mature ears with stone sickles. Gradually, people invented various tools with which they cultivated the land, harvested grain, and milled flour.

Preparing land for sowing is hard work. In most of Russia, in ancient times, mighty, impassable forests grew. The peasants had to uproot trees, free the soil from the roots. Even flat areas near rivers were not easy to cultivate for sowing.

“The earth was caked: never tossed, it is dead, because there is no access to air, and plants cannot live without air ... everyone needs air for breathing. To give life to the earth, it is necessary to turn it out, it is necessary to open access to it for air, that is, to break it up, grind it up ”(S. V. Maksimov). To make the land "come to life", it was necessary to plow it, and more than once: first in the fall, then in the spring before sowing. Plowed in those ancient times with a plow or roe deer. These are simple tools that every peasant could make himself.

Later, the plow appeared, although it did not completely replace the plow. What to plow, the peasant decided. It depended on the soil. The plow was more often used on heavy fertile soils. Unlike the plow, the plow not only cut the soil layer, but also turned it over.

After the field is plowed, it is necessary to "comb it". They did it with the following tool: "Vito sieve with four corners, five heels, fifty rods, twenty-five arrows." This is a harrow. Sometimes a spruce log with a large number of long knots was used as a harrow. A “retrofit” harrow is a four-bar grid to which wooden or iron tines are attached.

When harrowing, all the clods were broken, and the stones were removed. The land became loose, ready for sowing.

RIDDLES, PROBLEMS AND SPELLS

Baba Yaga, with a pitchfork: the whole world feeds, she herself is hungry. (Sokha)

He walks in the field from edge to edge, cuts a black loaf. (Plow)

* * *

• Sow at the right time - you will collect grain from the mountain.
• Better starve, but sow with good seed.
• Put manure thickly, the barn will not be empty.
• Not the owner of the land who wanders on it, but the one who walks with the plow.
• There is no time to lie down when I came to start to strike.
• An ache in the back, but the bread is on the table.

2. SEB In Russia, the year began in the spring. The life of the peasant largely depended on sowing. A harvest year is a comfortable, well-fed life. In lean years, they had to starve.

The peasants carefully stored the seeds for future sowing in a cool dry place so that they would not germinate ahead of time. They checked more than once if the seeds were good. The grains were placed in the water - if they did not float up, but sank to the bottom, then they were good. The grains should also not be stale, that is, they should not be stored for more than one winter, so that they have enough strength to cope with weeds.

In those days, there were no weather forecasts, so the peasants relied on themselves and folk signs.We watched natural phenomena in order to start sowing on time.

It was argued that if you listen closely, you can hear the frog as if pronouncing: it's time to sow. If the first water during river floods is high, the spring sowing is early, but not - late.

Sowing Day is one of the most important, but also the most solemn days in the agricultural year. Therefore, the first sower went out barefoot (feet should have been warm) in the field in a white or red (festive) shirt, on his chest hung a basket of seeds. He scattered the seeds evenly, with a "secret silent prayer." After sowing, the grain had to be hardened.

In ancient times, peasants preferred rye: it is more reliable, resistant to cold weather and changes in weather. Wheat bread tastes better, but this cereal is more hassle. Wheat is capricious, thermophilic, it may not be born. And wheat takes away all the "strength" from the earth. It is impossible to sow the same field with wheat for two years in a row.

The peasants planted grain crops not only in spring but also in autumn. Before the onset of severe cold weather, winter cereals were sown. These plants had time to sprout and appear on the surface before winter. And when the foliage turned yellow around, the winter sprouts began to fade and fall off. If the warm autumn days stood for a long time, then the peasants specially released cattle into the winter field. The animals ate the shoots, and then the plant rooted more actively. Now the peasants hoped for a snowy winter. Snow is a fur coat for plants. Branches of trees and various objects were placed on the fields so that the snow “clings” to them and remains in the fields.

RIDDLES, PROPERTIES, SPELLS

It turns green for two weeks

It has been earing for two weeks,
Two weeks fades
Pours two weeks
It dries up for two weeks. (Rye)
* * *
Rides on his back in the field,
On the field - on my feet. (Harrow)
* * *

• Bread is father, voditsa is mother.

• Bread is on the table, and the table is a throne; but not a piece of bread - and the throne is a board.
• There are mosquitoes - it's time to sow rye.
• The frog is quacking - the oats are jumping.

3. BREAD GROWS From the moment the grain hits the ground, it tries to get out.

"The earth feeds the winter, the sky gives it rain, the sun warms up with warmth, and the summer - know that it grows bread." The sun shines, warms the earth and gives the seed warmth. In the warmth, the seed begins to germinate. But not only does the grain need warmth, it also needs to “drink and eat”. The mother-cheese-earth can feed the grain. It contains all the necessary nutrients for the growth of cereals. In order for the grains to grow faster, the harvest was greater, the land was fertilized. Fertilizers in those days were natural. The land was fertilized with manure, which accumulated over the year from keeping livestock.

Piss, piss, rain,
On our rye;
For grandma's wheat
For grandfather's barley
Water all day.

So the rain was called. Without rain, bread will never grow. But the rain should be in moderation. If it rained too often and interfered with the ripening of the crop, then the children uttered another call:

Rainbow arc
Kill the rain
Give me the sun.

The sun gives plants not only warmth, but also light. The first leaves sprout vertically upward, but the subsequent ones grow in the opposite direction and then give roots, and a whole bush is obtained from one grain.

In the old days June was also called grain grower. The peasants even counted how many warm, bright days are needed for the cereals to ripen: "Then, on 137 warm days, winter rye ripens and at the same degrees of heat, winter wheat ripens, but ripens more slowly, not earlier than 149 days."

"Sinets and bells, and the end of the bread." Who are these - the spiteful "blue bream and bell" and what are they armed with, how can they destroy the bread? These are plants that appear on the grain field on their own, although no one planted them there and begin to take nutrients from the grain - weeds.

The grain cannot do without the help of the peasants.The peasants "armed themselves" with various devices and fought against weeds - "sedge, various mint, broomsticks or panicles, and the grass of the fire." It took a lot of work, but it was not always possible to defeat the weeds. For example, if wheatgrass appears in the field, then it is already very difficult to remove it. It is necessary to collect all the pieces of wheatgrass roots, otherwise a new wheatgrass may grow from a small particle.

Great harm to grain fields was caused by vole mice, they arranged grain in the rye, and ate up the roots. The real disaster for cereals was the locust, whose flocks could leave nothing at all from the plants. Birds - sparrows and especially corncrake - helped the peasants to fight insects.

MYSTERY

One pours

Another drinks
The third turns green
Yes, it grows. (Rain, earth, bread)

4. THE HARVEST The harvest is a responsible time. The peasants had to determine the exact time when to start it, so that both on time and in good weather. And then the farmers watched everything and everyone: the sky, stars, plants, animals and insects. The ripeness of the bread was checked for a tooth: the spikelets were torn, peeled off - and in the mouth: if the grains crunch, it means that they are ripe.

The day of the beginning of the harvest was called Zazhinki. The ethnographer A. Tereshchenko describes Zazhinki in the book “Life of the Russian People” as follows: “When the harvest is ripe, a prosperous owner gives a feast to his neighbors: he treats him with vodka and pies and asks them to help him in gathering bread. Many serve prayers and then sprinkle holy water on the fields and reapers. The master or priest takes a sickle and makes the firstfruits; the first ears removed are called zhinka. They are kept until next year. "

"The rye is ripe - get down to business." Everyone got down to business together, the whole family went out into the field. And if they understood that they would not manage the harvest themselves, then they called for help.

The work was very difficult. I had to get up before dawn and go to the field. “There is no time to lie down, when to start thrilling. And we will gather the harvest, we will start a round dance ”.

The most important thing was to reap the harvest on time. Everyone forgot about their illnesses and sorrows. What you collect, so you live the whole year. Harvesting is a hard work, but it brings joy. “Gathering bread is accompanied by singing filled with spiritual joy. Unaccountably playful songs are heard across the fields; nature itself, it seems, is having fun with the reapers: everything smells of them and everything lives with delightful gaiety, ”A. Tereshchenko wrote about the village harvest.

Grain was harvested with scythes and sickles. If the rye grew tall and thick, they preferred to use a sickle, and the low and rare cornfield was mowed with a scythe. The mown plants were tied in sheaves.

POEMS, RIDDLES, FOLK CHARACTERS

Meanwhile, an idle peasant

The fruit of the annual labors gathers;
Having swept away the mown grain of the valleys into haystacks,
With a sickle, he hurries into the field.
The sickle is walking. On compressed furrows
The sheaves stand in heaps of brilliant ...

E. Baratynsky * * *

The vigorous rye spoke:
I can't stand in the field,
Keep the spikelets.
I have to stand
In the field in heaps,
In the threshing floor with haystacks
In a crate with boxes,
And on the table with pies!
* * *
• The pike dives, the whole forest walks, raises mountains. (Scythe)
• Not the sea, but worries. (Field)
• A hunchback, a hunchback, I crossed the whole field, I reread all the mustaches. (Sickle)
• Small, hunchbacked, skipped the whole field. (Sickle)
• Black in autumn, white in winter, green in spring, yellow in summer. (Niva)
• A thousand brothers are belted with one belt, put on the mother. (Sheaves on the ground)
• The beluzhin's fish wagged its tail: the forests were asleep, the mountains were steel. (Scythe)
• A white white woman walked across the field, came home, lay down under the shed. (Scythe)
* * *
• In winter, there is a lot of frost on the trees - the bread will be born.
• In winter, snow is blown into the snowdrifts, rye will be good.
• In winter, the snow is loose - the harvest is abundant.
• Whoever sows early does not lose seeds. In the spring you will be late an hour - you will not catch up in a year.
• To plow and harrow - not to drop an hour.
• They rush to raise the steam until the weed seeds are ripe. They say: "The early pair will give birth to a wheat, and the late one will give birth to a tee."

5. GRAIN THRESHING The peasants meticulously calculated the timing of the harvest, and if the weather did not allow waiting for the grain to ripen, then it was harvested unripe. Green ears were also cut in the northern regions, where they simply did not have time to ripen.

Usually the harvest was completed by the day of the Assumption of the Most Holy Theotokos - August 28 (August 15, old style). The popular name of this holiday is Spozhinki.

Sheaves were first carried to a barn or a barn. Ovin is an outbuilding in which sheaves were dried before threshing. Ovin usually consisted of a pit, where a stove was located without a pipe, as well as an upper tier, where the sheaves were stacked. Riga - a building with an oven for drying sheaf bread and flax. Riga was bigger than a barn. Up to 5 thousand sheaves were dried in it, while in the barn - no more than 500.

Ripe grain was transported directly to the threshing floor - a fenced area of ​​land intended for storage, threshing and other processing of grain - and threshed there. This was one of the most difficult stages of labor. The richer people tried to invite someone to help do the job.

And the work consisted of the following: they took a hammer (threshed) or a flail and hit the sheaves in order to "free" the grain. To obtain the best seeds and unbroken straw, they used a sheaf about a barrel. Later, these methods began to be replaced by threshing with the help of threshers, which worked on horse or steam traction. A special trade was created for threshers who worked on their own machines for hire.

The threshing of bread did not always take place immediately, sometimes this process was delayed, threshed both in autumn and at the beginning of winter. After threshing, the grain was blown - usually standing in the wind with the help of a shovel.

RIDDLES, PROVERSES, SPELLS, FOLK CHARACTERS

• Frol is standing, and his mouth is on the floor. (Barn)

• Andryukha is standing with a full belly. (Barn)
• There is a wolf, side / shred ripped out. (Barn)

* * *

• Do not look into the sky, there is no bread, and to the earth below - closer to the bread.
• They wait in the summertime, and chew in the cold winter.
• It is not the fur coat that warms, but the bread.
• The birch is blooming - this is oats. The frog with the voice is this oat. Overdried the soil - it is too late to sow oats.
• Do not this wheat before the oak leaf. This wheat when the bird cherry blossoms.
• Wheatgrass does not like dull soil. Therefore, they say: "This wheat in a bucket", "Rye loves at least for an hour, but in the sand (in dry ground)."
• Sow rye with a north wind - better harvest.
• Oak leaf from a nickle - this spring. The acacia has bloomed - plant cucumbers.
* * *
Frets, frets, frets,
The hostess is glad to us,
We sing about bread
We are talking about that.
The bread was removed, and it became quieter,
Bins breathe hotly,
The field is asleep, it is tired
Winter is coming.
Haze floats over the village
People bake bread in their homes.
Come on in, don't hesitate,
Treat yourself to our bread.

6. AT THE MILL As you know, bread is baked from flour. To get flour, the grain needs to be crushed - grind.

The first tools for grinding grain were a stone mortar and pestle. Then they began not to crush the grain, but to grind it. The grain milling process has been continuously improved.

The invention of the manual grinding mill was a significant step forward. Its basis is a millstone - two heavy slabs, between which the grain was ground. The lower millstone was set motionless. The grain was poured through a special hole in the upper millstone, which was set in motion by the muscular power of humans or animals. Large, heavy millstones were turned by horses or bulls.

It became easier to grind grain, but the job was still hard. The situation changed only after the water mill was constructed. In flat areas, the speed of the flow of rivers is small in order to rotate the wheel by the force of a water jet. To create the necessary pressure, the rivers were dammed, the water level was artificially raised and the stream was directed along the chute onto the wheel blades.

Over time, the structure of the mill was improved, windmills appeared, their blades were rotated by the wind. Windmills were built in areas where there were no bodies of water nearby.In some localities, the millstones were set in motion by animals - horses, bulls, donkeys. Poems, riddles, proverbs, sayings, folk signs

Evil winds bent the ear, and it rained on the ear,

But they could not break him over the summer.
“This is what I am,” he boasted, “I coped with the wind, with the water!”
Before that, he became proud, grew up with a beard.

S. Pogorelovsky * * *

• Sem bread, do not sleep, you will reap, you will not doze.
• Do not wait for the harvest, this crop, there will be bread.
• Not the earth will give birth to bread, but the sky.
• Overseeding is worse than underseeding.
• There was a hut, but there was no bread.
• You will be pierced without a mind, but you will not live without bread.
• It's cold without a stove, hungry without bread.
• Rye will not be born - you will go around the world.
• Kalach will become boring, but bread never.
• Each seed knows its time.
• For the time being, do not sow the seed.
• This time - you will collect bread from the mountain.
• This even in the sand, but at your hour.
• Sow in the weather - more offspring.
* * *
• Buckwheat loves dry warm ground.
• Dust behind the harrow - there will be a pancake.
• You sow a day earlier - you reap a week earlier.
* * *
The whole world feeds, she does not eat.
All his life he flaps his wings
But it cannot fly away. (Mill)
* * *
At the flatbread, loaf,
Drying, buns, patties
Gray-haired from birth
A mother named ... (agony).

7. BAKING BREAD In ancient times, housewives baked bread almost daily. Usually they started kneading the dough at dawn. They put on clean clothes, prayed and got to work.

The dough recipes were different, but the main ingredients were flour and water. If there was not enough flour, they bought it at the bazaar. To check the quality, the flour was tasted "by the mouth". They took a pinch of flour and chewed, if the resulting "dough" stretched well and not very sticky to the hands, then the flour is good.

Before kneading the dough, the flour was sieved through a sieve. Flour in the process of sifting had to "breathe".

In Russia, they baked black "sour" bread. It was called black because rye flour was used for its preparation, and it has a darker color than wheat flour. "Sour" - because sour leaven was used. After kneading the dough in a dough - a wooden tub - and molding round loaves, the hostess collected the remnants of the dough from the walls into a lump, sprinkled it with flour and left it for sourdough until the next time.

The finished dough was sent to the oven. Stoves in Russia were special. They heated the room, baked bread on them, cooked food, slept, sometimes even washed and treated themselves.

They put bread in the oven with prayer. In no case, while the bread was in the oven, it was impossible to swear or quarrel with anyone. Then the bread will not work.

It was necessary to follow the rules of baking bread. Bread was baked strictly at a certain temperature. How to measure temperature if there is no thermometer? The hostesses waited until only coals remained in the furnace. Swept under - this was the name of the surface on which the dough was placed. Then they threw on a pinch of flour: if the flour turned black, then the heat in the oven was too strong and you had to wait. After a while, they were moistened with water and tried again. If the flour turns brown, then it's time to plant bread. This was done with a bread shovel. PUZZLES

I listen, I listen -

Sigh after sigh, but not a soul in the hut. (Kvash with dough)
* * *
The barn of tailless sheep is full;
One was with a tail, and she left. (Bread and shovel)
* * *
A great star has risen on the stove.
Without arms, without legs - crawling up the mountain.
Without arms, without legs - he climbs on a linden. (Kvashnya)
* * *
There is a brick hut
Sometimes it is cold, sometimes it is hot. (Bake)
* * *
We bought a new one, so round,
They swing in their hands, but it's all in holes. (Sieve)
* * *
From under the linden bush
The snowstorm beats thick.
The hare runs, the tracks fall asleep. (Flour is sown)
* * *
Black Mountain, but everyone is lovely. (Black bread)
* * *
Stirred, fermented, felted, put in the oven. (Dough)

8. BREAD ON THE TABLE Bread was the breadwinner of the Russian people, the main delicacy on the table.

In the villages, the peasants baked their own bread. In the cities, bakeries were built, which were called bread huts. Since the 16th century, bakers in Russia have been subdivided into bread bakers, kalachnikov, pies, gingerbread cookies, pancakes, and rushes.

The royal court had its own bread hut, or rather a palace. The sovereign's bread palace was located in the Kremlin on the site where the Armory is now located. There was made bread for the royal table, called basman.The pattern "Basma" was applied to this bread in a special way.

Large bakeries also operated in Russian monasteries. Rye bread and prosphora were baked there. In those days, cakes, rolls and other bread products were baked. The chronicles of the 10th – 13th centuries mention “breads with honey, poppy seeds, cottage cheese,” rugs, various pies with all kinds of fillings, which are an indispensable part of the Russian festive table. It was customary to decorate festive tables with baked goods. On especially solemn occasions, for example, at weddings, a loaf was baked. It was considered a symbol of happiness, prosperity and abundance. The loaf was carried out on a towel - an embroidered towel. The more magnificently the loaf is baked, the happier and richer the newlyweds will live.

The famous housekeeping encyclopedia "Domostroy" contains recipes for the Russian Orthodox table: pies in peanut butter, fried with peas; fermented pancakes; hearth pies, fermented with peas; large poppy pies, fried in hemp oil with peas; big pies with poppy juice and juicy; pies with visiga, whitefish, catfish, herring.

Since bread was the main food product, and grain growing was the main occupation of the Slavs, many traditions and customs are associated with bread, and there are countless poems, songs, proverbs and sayings.

To meet a guest with bread and salt meant to show respect and honor to the guest. To share bread is to recognize a person as a friend.

POEMS AND RIDDLES

A grain was satisfied between two millstones. One says - let's run, the other says - we'll lie down, the third says - we'll swing. (Water, millstone, wheel)

They beat me, beat me, cut me, but I endure everything, cry people kindly. (Bread)
* * *
Nebushko is glad to the sun, a sunflower is a pole.
I am glad to have a tablecloth on the bread: it is like the sun on it.

G. Vieru * * *

Here it is fragrant bread, here it is warm, golden.
He came to every house, to every table.
In him is our health, strength, in him wonderful warmth.
How many hands raised, guarded, protected him.
In it - the land of the dear juices,
The sun's light is cheerful in it ...
Tuck into both cheeks, grow into a hero!

S. Pogorelovsky * * *

They put him in the oven first,
And how will he get out of there,
Then they put it on a dish.
Well, now call the guys!
Everyone will eat a piece. (Pie)
* * *
He's on a painted platter,
With a snow-white towel.
We bring salt with a loaf,
Bowing down, we ask you to taste:
Our dear guest and friend,
Take bread and salt from your hands!

V. Bakaldin

E. L. Emelyanova

Similar articles:

Cuisine → Russian bread

Kitchen → Butter bread

Traditions → Slavic customs of the meal

Kitchen → Yeast-free bread

Cuisine → Russian bread

For children about bread: materials for classes with children, educational videos, stories, developmental tasks.

In our life, we very often do not notice the little things! And our children are not at all like that - they see a bird that has sat down on a bush, and a flying leaf. They ask endless "Why?" and rejoice in every puddle.

Bread is a very familiar phenomenon for us, and often we do not even imagine that it might not be on our table! But in such "uninteresting" bread, you can see many opportunities for the development of a child! If you know how to look at familiar things with a different look - a child's surprised and admiring "why" look.

Let's introduce our kids to bread, talk about how people grew it before and how they grow it now, what smart machines people have invented to help themselves. Let's acquaint with the professions of people who grow bread for us.

In this article you will find materials for a home themed bread week, bread classes in kindergarten or in a daycare center:

• story in pictures "How bread is grown",
• two short educational videos for toddlers,
• exercises for the development of speech,
• fairy tales and stories, poems and riddles about bread.

Additional material to the article - riddles about cereals can be found in the article "Riddles"

The materials are designed not for one day of classes with children, but for studying the topic in small "pieces". For example, one day you can read and discuss the story "Bread". On another day - watch the educational video "How Wheat Grows" and play a fairy tale - a dramatization. The third is to play with the proverbs about bread, etc.

All babies are different, so the article gives different tasks so that you can pick them up by age, gender, interests of the child.

Part 1. Riddles about bread

I suggest starting your acquaintance with bread with a riddle. Hide a piece of bread under a napkin or in a bag and invite your child to guess what kind of surprise you have hidden and what you want to talk to him about. Read the riddle to him.

1.1. Bread riddle for children 4-5 years old and older

“Grew up at first in the wild in the field,
in the summer it bloomed and sprouted,
And when they thrashed,
he suddenly turned into a grain.
From grain to flour and dough.
He took his place in the store.
He grew up under a blue sky,
And he came to the table with us - with what? (bread) "

A child, starting from the age of 4, needs to be taught to prove his point of view, find arguments and answers to provoking questions, defend his opinion correctly and tactfully. And for this we will ask problem provoking questions.

• Ask the child how he guessed that this is bread?
• After his answer, say in surprise, as if consulting with the baby: “Maybe this is not bread at all, but vegetables? After all, they also grow on the ground, and then we buy them in the store? And they come to our table ”.
• If the child agrees that these are vegetables (after all, you are an authority for him :)), then read the riddle again with the baby, disassemble it - what are the signs of the riddle? Threshed, grain, flour, dough. Are vegetables threshed and made into flour and dough? No. So what is this? Bread!

1.2. Bread riddle for children 6-7 years old and older

Ask the child to guess what kind of surprise you have prepared for him, what kind of miracle it is. And read a poem - a riddle.

«Miracle. Lev Kvitko.
I kept a grain-crumb all winter,
I planted it in loose soil in the spring.
A miracle probably happened to him.
The seed became alive and large.
A grain-crumb lay in the ground,
Lied, warmed, swollen in the warmth.
At first it swelled, then sprouted.
A thin sprout sprouted in the garden.
Chubik curled this weak sprout,
He threw out the feathers of a delicate leaf.
Well, isn't it a miracle that the chubik is so
Made it through, broke through the earthen layer ?!
He drilled the ground, he climbed ahead,
He made his way to the sun and light with difficulty.
And over the earth - again miracles:
Something is growing by leaps and bounds.
There is no grain for a long time.
Can't you guess what it became? "

Ask the child to prove his opinion - why does he think that this is bread? From what lines from the riddle did he guess?

Part 2: How bread came to the table: a story for children in pictures and assignments

Ask your child: where does bread come from at home? That's right, from the store! And where does it come from in the store?

Listen kindly and attentively to any assumptions of the child - observing his speech will help you understand what your child knows, and what his ideas are inaccurate or erroneous, or none at all! And then invite your child to learn the secrets of how bread came to our table, what amazing machines help people get bread from grains.

2.1. How does wheat and rye grow? 

Bread is made from grains. But how do these spikelets with grains grow in the field? What is white bread made of? (from wheat). And what is black bread made of? (from rye).

Why are wheat and rye called "cereal" plants? (They give grain.) What other cereal plants are there? (Corn, oats).

Look at a spike of rye and wheat with a child in the picture and compare them. How are they similar? (These plants have a stem, tendrils, grains, they are grain) And how are they different? (Rye grains are long and wheat grains are round. A spike of wheat is thicker than a spike of rye)

Then watch a short educational video for toddlers on how wheat grows in the field.

Video for children "How does wheat grow?"

From this short entertaining and educational video for preschoolers Your child will learn:

• where does the wheat grow?
• how many grains of wheat need to be grown to bake one loaf of bread,
• what are the names of people who grow bread,
• how people harvest grain,
• how people used to grow bread.

After watching the video, be sure to talk with your kid about the movie, ask:

• what interested him most in the film,
• what he wants to share with dad, friends,
• what surprised him in this film,
• what new he learned.
• Ask clarifying questions about the content of the video.

In the evening or the next day, play with the children in growing bread - a performance based on a fairy tale will help you.

Lithuanian fairy tale. How the wolf decided to bake bread 

This tale is very good for staging and reinforcing the ideas of growing bread for babies. Have the child in the scene explain to the wolf how bread is grown.

First, read a fairy tale to your child, and then offer to play it.

Once I met a wolf in the forest of a man and asks:
- Give me bread!
The man gave. The wolf ate and licked his lips - the bread was delicious. The wolf says to the man:
- What should I do so that I always have my own bread? Teach me!
“Okay,” the man agreed and began to teach the wolf. - First you need to plow the land ...
- And when you plow, can you really eat?
- Not yet. We must sow rye.
- And when you sow, can you really eat?
- Not yet. We must wait until she grows up.
- And when he grows up, can you really eat?
- Not yet. We must remove it.
- And when you remove it, can you eat?
- Not yet. We need to grind it down.
- And when you grind, can you really eat?
- Not yet. We need to bake bread.
- And when you bake, can you eat?
- Can.
The wolf thought, thought and said:
“I’d better not bake bread if I wait so long.” As I have done without bread so far, so, apparently, I will manage.

Variant of the game - staging: You can play out the plot of this tale in a different way, repeating the same dialogue with different characters (as in the fairy tale "Kolobok"). Your baby goes on a trip to the forest and treats all the animals with a piece of bread. Animals love bread, and each animal wants to know how to grow it. The child tells each animal how such delicious bread is grown (lists the sequence of work). But all the animals refuse to raise it, having learned what a long and hard work it is. The child plays the role of a person who has come to the forest. And the adult - the role of all the animals in turn. After repeating the sequence of growing bread several times in the game, your baby will definitely not confuse anything. And he will be happy to play this game, because all children love to play!

From 5 years old you can introduce the child to agricultural machinery that helps people in their work; with how different professions of people are interconnected - combine operator, tractor driver, agronomist and others.

2.2. What kind of agricultural machines help people grow bread? 

Children about the tractor 

This stuff is especially interesting for boys!

Tell your child that there were no cars before and it was very difficult to grow bread. Now we have all the hard work done by machines. And a lot of them are needed in order to grow bread in the field and harvest. People have come up with amazing machines. Maybe when you grow up, you will also come up with something that will help all people.

Main machine - tractor. Why main? (Listen to the child's suggestions.)

The tractor is an amazing machine that carries the road for itself. You will learn how the tractor does this from the story (I give the text here based on the story of A. Ivich).

The tractor carries all the implements with which the land is cultivated. This is tractor.

What is the difference between a truck and a tractor - tractor? (Listen to the child's assumptions and give the correct answer).The truck carries the load on itself in the back, and the tractor pulls the load along.

But the tractor is not a simple tractor, but all-terrain vehicle. Why do you think a tractor can be called an "all-terrain vehicle"? That's right, because he “walks everywhere” - both on the road and on the plowed field.

How is it that a tractor can go everywhere, even where an ordinary car cannot? (Consider a tractor and a car with a child - pay attention to the wheels - let the child try to guess for himself how this is happening).

The tractor has small steel wheels instead of wheels rollers - four on each side. Steel belts are put on the rollers. They are made from individual links, like a chain. These tapes are called "Caterpillars"... Find the caterpillars in the picture.

The rear wheel is cogwheel. It clings to the links of the track and moves the belt. The rollers roll on the tape as if on rails or on a flat road.

It turns out that the tractor carries the road for itself. Caterpillars are his way! Therefore, he is not afraid of off-road!

The tractor works in the field from early spring to late autumn. Who is driving in the booth? (tractor driver). He drives the tractor.

The tractor does a lot of work. In the fall, a large plow. The plow lifts and turns the topsoil. This is how the tractor makes a soft bed for the seeds. So that the seeds hide in the ground from the wind and can take from the ground all the juices they need for growth.

Then the tractor land boronite... If winter crops are sown before winter, they are harrowed in autumn. If the crops are spring crops - they are sown in the spring - then they are harrowed in the spring. Attach to the tractor harrow... The harrow combes the ground with its tines like a comb.

And the work of the tractor did not end there. Now they attach not a harrow to it, but cultivator. The cultivator has no teeth, but it has…. Paws !!!! Yes, they are called “paws”. These paws loosen the soil and pluck the weeds. So that weeds do not interfere with wheat growth!

Now the tractor has done a great job! You can attach a seeder to it. The seeder pours seeds into the ground.

The seed turned out to be in the ground, it will sprout, it will break out as a green stalk. The summer will come to an end, the ears will ripen. The grains in the ears are ripe, hard - it's time to harvest the bread.

Then another car comes to the field - a real giant. They call her "Harvester".

Children about the harvester and combine harvesters. Fun educational video for toddlers

Previously, it was difficult for people to harvest - they cut spikelets with a sickle, then knitted them into sheaves, laid them on a cart, and drove them to thresh. And now all this work on the field is done by smart machines - giants "combines". Maybe you also have a food processor in your kitchen that helps your mom? And on the field, the harvester is different - not the same as kitchen... He removes the grain and therefore is called "Grain harvesting".

In a short, fun and educational video about the toddler food processor, your kids will learn:

• what is a combine harvester and who is a combine harvester?
• how does the harvester work and how does it work?
• what other machinery is working in the field and helping people to harvest grain?

Now the grain harvest has been obtained! They are taking him to elevator, where the grain is stored. Then the grain is taken to a flour mill, where it is made into flour. And the finished flour will be taken to the bakery. At the bakery, bread will be baked from flour. The bread will be brought to the store and we will buy it. This is how bread comes to our table.

Who is always in charge?
Tractor driver in care.
He cherishes the field,
he plows and sows.
Who is always in charge?
Who is always in charge?
Truck in care.
Carries fertilizers
So that the plants grow.
Who is always in charge?
Dozhdichek in care.
It will spill into the field,
The spikelet will get drunk.
Who is always in charge?
Combineer in care.
He removes the rye,
Doesn't know rest.
Who is always in charge?
Baker in care.
He is a skilled master,
He bakes delicious bread.
Who doesn't know worries?
Raine and Mine don't know?
We ate bread
And they cheered up:
"Thanks!" Heljo Mänd.

Part 3. We save bread

Ask the child why bread should be protected? Then read the story about bread.

M. Glinskaya "Bread"

Mom gave Grisha a large piece of bread and sent him outside.
Grisha ate bread. The bread was delicious and fragrant, with a shiny crust. Soon the boy was full, and there was still a lot of bread left. Then the guys called Grisha to play the ball. What to do with bread? Grisha thought and threw the bread on the ground.
Uncle Matvey passed by, stopped and asked: "Who threw the bread?"
-He, he! - the guys shouted and pointed to Grisha. Grisha said: “I am already full, but the bread remained. We have a lot of bread, it’s not a pity. ”
Uncle Matvey took the gold star from his chest and said:
“I am a Hero's Star for growing bread and receiving it. BUTyouyou trample bread in the mud. "
Grisha burst into tears: “I didn't know what to do with the bread. He ate his fill, but he stayed ... "
“All right,” Uncle Matvey agreed. “If you didn't know, that's a different story.” He picked up the bread and put it in his palm. “This is my job, your mother’s work, the whole village’s work. Bread must be loved and cherished. - I gave it to Grisha and left.
Grisha wiped away his tears and said to the guys: "I'll eat that bread now."
- You can't, - objected Sanya, - the bread is dirty, you can get sick.
- Where to do with bread now?
At this time, a cart was passing along the road, and Lyska the foal was running after the cart.
- Let's give the bread to Lyska, - suggested Nyura. Grisha handed the foal some bread. Lyska grabbed a chunk, ate it instantly and did not leave. Reaches a muzzle to the guys: Come on again! Axl Oh, how delicious. "

Questions for talking with a child about the story "Bread":

• Why did Grisha throw bread on the ground? What would you do if you were Grisha?
• What did Uncle Matvey say to the boy? Why did Uncle Matvey not scold Grisha?
• Why should bread be protected? How can you save bread? (do not buy too much, you can make croutons or rusks from the leftover bread, the leftover bread can be given to birds or other animals.

Part 4. Proverbs and sayings about bread. Developing speech - reasoning

Ask a child (age 5 and older) to explain why they say that, why people came up with this proverb. This task develops the child's ability to prove his point of view, that is, speech is reasoning.

Children 6-7 years old and older can be given a more difficult task - "find 5 proofs that this proverb about bread is true." This speech exercise is best done in-game. My favorite game that my little students adore is the Bridge game.

• Draw a bridge over the river on a piece of paper. The bridge will be a path of 5 rectangles. Each rectangle is equal in size to the sides of the bricks from the building set.
• The task of a child or a group of children is to move to the other side of the river. And for this you need to pick up 5 proofs - answers to the question: "Why do they say so?"
• Give the child 5 building bricks. Every brick in the game will overlap with the rectangle of the bridge, so it must be exactly the same size as it.
• The child begins to glean evidence. You help him with leading questions, or vice versa, ask problem provoking questions. For example: “Is bread the head of everything? Water is the head of everything! A person cannot live without it. And you can live without bread! " Once the child has found proof of his point of view - the exact argument - we put a brick on the bridge. One step passed. And why do they say so? Find more evidence!

Useful Tips from my practical experience of running this proverbial game:

• Some children will need not only to draw a bridge, but to come up with a whole story about why we need to cross it and complete this task. For example, in a game we go to save someone or look for a magic letter or visit a friend or go to the field to watch the bread grow.
• You can build a bridge of 5 bricks according to 1 proverb. Or you can draw a long bridge of 15 bricks (and use 3 proverbs). The second option works well for a group of children.

Proverbs for playing with children on the theme "Bread":

- Bread is the head of everything! (What does "head" mean? - the main one. Why is the main bread for everything?).
- They danced that they were left without bread. (It is difficult for children to understand the figurative meaning of the word "danced", so it is better to use the direct meaning here - if you dance and do not work, you cannot grow bread).
- Bread is father, water is mother.
- Bread is a gift of God, father, breadwinner.
- Bread and salt, and dinner went.
- There will be bread - there will be a song.
- The rye is ripe - get down to business.
- A lot of snow - a lot of bread. +

More about bread you can find interesting materials for classes and games with children in the articles of the "World around us" section:

1. An interesting article in pictures “For children about professions. Confectioner". From it, your children will learn:

• who bakes the buns? What is the difference between the professions of a cook and a pastry chef?
• what are the buns and pies?
• how does the pastry shop work?

You will take a real video trip to the shop where buns are baked. And also you will receive a series of educational games with children in pictures!

2. Autumn traditions in Russia - harvesting bread, seeing off migratory birds and more. Autumn is a goldsmith.

All pictures of the article available for printing and other pictures for classes with children on the topic "Bread", as well as a step-by-step description of speech games on this topic, you can download for free here -.

You will find more materials to familiarize children with the professions in the article "Children about the profession of a firefighter: informative stories in pictures, games, educational tasks".

How do you introduce children to where the bread came from? Is it possible to educate modern children to respect bread and other results of human labor? What are your children interested in learning about the world around them? What suggestions do you have - what else will be interesting to read in the section of the site "The World Around Us". I suggest discussing it in the comments after the article. I will be glad to any suggestions!

Until we meet again at the "Native Path"!

Get NEW FREE AUDIO COURSE WITH GAME APP

“Development of speech from 0 to 7 years: what is important to know and what to do. Cheat sheet for parents "

Click on the link or course cover below to free subscription

Course author - Valasina Asya, Candidate of Pedagogical Sciences, author of the site "Native Path"

Our great-grandfathers used to say: "Bread is the Gift of God." But they did not bake it with thermophilic yeast, which appeared even before the war. Since then, people have forgotten the taste of real bread. Moreover, they do not remember that in the old days bread was always baked with sourdough. All sourdough components are exclusively of vegetable origin and trigger the fermentation process.

Famous peasant sourdoughs (sourdough is a liquid dough fermented with hops, raisins with the addition of natural sugar or honey, white and red malt) were prepared from rye flour, barley, and wheat. It was these starter cultures that enriched the body with vitamins, enzymes, biostimulants and, above all, saturated it with oxygen. Thanks to this, the human body became energetic, efficient, resistant to colds and other diseases.

Baking bread in folk cuisine was a kind of ritual. The secret of its preparation has been passed down from generation to generation. Almost every family had their own recipe.

Bread was prepared about once a week with various leavens: rye, oat. Although the bread was rougher, the use of unrefined rye flour contributed to the preservation of all the nutrients contained in cereals. And when baked in a Russian oven, the bread acquired an unforgettable taste and aroma. Such bread will not grow stale or moldy even after a year.

But for several decades now, bread has been baked differently. And for this they use not natural starters, but thermophilic yeast, Saccharomycetes, invented by man. The technology of their preparation is monstrous, anti-natural. The production of baker's yeast is based on its multiplication in liquid nutrient media.Molasses is diluted with water, treated with bleach, acidified with sulfuric acid, etc. Strange methods, it must be admitted, are used to prepare food, moreover, given that there are natural yeast in nature, hop yeast, for example, malt, etc. etc.

This question cannot be passed over in silence. Where did the whole grain flour from which our ancestors baked bread disappeared?

Only whole grain flour contains B vitamins, micro- and macroelements and a germ, which has fantastic medicinal properties. Refined flour is devoid of both the germ and the shell. Instead of these, naturally created, healing parts of grain, all kinds of food additives are added to the flour, chemically created substitutes that can never fulfill what nature itself has created.

It has been proven that only bread based on hop sourdough contains all essential amino acids, carbohydrates, fiber, vitamins Bl, B7, PP; minerals: salts of sodium, potassium, phosphorus, iron, calcium, as well as microelements: gold, cobalt, copper, which are involved in the formation of unique respiratory enzymes.

Apparently, it is no coincidence that the ears of grain are called golden. Bread based on hop sourdough gives the maximum sokogonny effect, that is, it actively extracts from the pancreas, liver, gallbladder enzymes and other substances necessary for full digestion, which improve intestinal motility. A person who uses such bread is filled with energy, ceases to be sick with colds, his posture is straightened, his immunity is restored.

What to do?

- Return to baking sourdough bread, which was used in ancient times and in the recent past! Return the millstones!

For millennia, grain grinding was carried out between stone graters, millstones. With this method of grinding, there was no loss of high-quality substances - all valuable vitamins, aromatic substances and enzymes were preserved.

In the middle of the 19th century (1862), grinding between metal (rotating at different speeds) rollers was invented, and the whole complex process of grinding wheat grain in a modern high-quality mill is aimed at separating the endosperm as best as possible (from which flour is now obtained ) from the embryo, scutellum, aleurone (enzyme) layer, membranes (bran). That is, the most valuable components of the grain that play an extremely important role in human nutrition have been withdrawn and sent to waste for animal feed.

The protein of the embryo contains 18 of them, including 10 essential ones (lysine, leucine, promin, arginine and others). For example, the content of biologically active substances tocopherols (vitamin E) is 30 times higher in the germ than in the grain.

Lack of vitamin E in the body causes serious metabolic disorders and infertility. All babies are born with a low content of fat-soluble vitamins A, D, E, K; lack of vitamin E in mothers is the main reason for preterm birth. When the mother-to-be does not take vitamin E at all, exposure of the newborn to oxygen can cause red blood cell destruction and jaundice.

The casings (bran), and this is fiber, remove organic dirt - excess enzymes of gastric juice, bile acids, bilirubin, cholesterol. Bran helps to normalize the intestinal flora - it adsorbs pathogenic microorganisms, leaving E.coli alone, and normalizes intestinal motility. In addition, bran is after all polysaccharides, the best food for our bifidobacteria: there are about 10 million bifidobacteria in 1 cm3 of gastric juice. Therefore, it is quite natural that when we unconsciously deprive bifidobacteria, which produce, for example, vitamin B12, food, the mechanism of diabetes mellitus is triggered.

What is the value of grinding between stone millstones?

First, and this is very important, after grinding the flour remains "alive" only for several days.

Secondly, the whole complex process of grinding wheat grain in a modern high-quality mill is aimed at separating the endosperm as best as possible (from which flour is now obtained) from the embryo, shield, aleurone (enzyme) layer, shells (bran). That is, the most valuable components of grain that play an extremely important role in human nutrition were seized and sent to waste for animal feed, including vitamins.

When grinding between stone millstones, high-quality substances are not carried away - all valuable vitamins, aromatic substances and enzymes are preserved. The hand mill makes it possible to grind soft and hard varieties of wheat, rye, barley, oats, soybeans, amaranth, etc.

In general, barley is an amazing culture and, probably, it is no coincidence that barley is called "an arrow of light". In ancient times, gladiators and slaves were fed with barley, that is, those for whom, above all, strength and endurance were required.

Rye is a natural medicine. In the old days in Russia, it was believed that eating rye increases vitality, improves mood. Rye has a tonic effect and normalizes metabolism. And the best of the bread kvass is rye kvass. It is the most nutritious and bioavailable beverage in existence today. It is no coincidence that this tasty and healthy drink was admired by foreigners traveling around Russia.

Wheat flour (grit) obtained with this method of grinding has such baking properties that cannot be obtained otherwise. In other words, a hand mill, having a service life of tens of years, will serve you, protecting the health of your family, for several generations.

HOW DOES BREAD GROW?

Repin I.E. "Plowman Leo Tolstoy on arable land", 1887

1. Preparation

Preparing land for sowing is hard work. In most of Russia, in ancient times, mighty, impassable forests grew. The peasants had to uproot trees, free the soil from the roots. Even flat areas near rivers were not easy to cultivate for sowing.

To make the land "come to life", it was necessary to plow it, and more than once: first in the fall, then in the spring before sowing. Plowed in those ancient times with a plow or roe deer. These are simple tools that every peasant could make himself. Later, the plow appeared, although it did not completely replace the plow.

What to plow, the peasant decided. It depended on the soil. The plow was more often used on heavy fertile soils. Unlike the plow, the plow not only cut the soil layer, but also turned it over. After the field is plowed, it is necessary to "comb it". This was done using a harrow. Sometimes a spruce log with a large number of long knots was used as a harrow.

2. North

The year began in the spring. The life of the peasant largely depended on sowing. A harvest year is a comfortable, well-fed life. In lean years, they had to starve. The peasants carefully stored the seeds for future sowing in a cool dry place so that they would not germinate ahead of time. They checked more than once if the seeds were good. The grains were placed in the water - if they did not float up, but sank to the bottom, then they were good. The grains should also be not stale, that is, they should not be stored for more than one winter, so that they have enough strength to cope with weeds.

In those days, there were no weather forecasts, so the peasants relied on themselves and folk signs. We watched natural phenomena in order to start sowing on time.

Sowing Day is one of the most important, but also the most solemn days in the agricultural year. Therefore, the first sower went out barefoot (feet should have been warm) into the field in a white or red (festive) shirt, a basket of seeds hung on his chest. He scattered the seeds evenly, with a "secret silent prayer." After sowing, the grain had to be hardened. The peasants planted grain crops not only in spring but also in autumn. Before the onset of severe cold weather, winter cereals were sown. These plants had time to sprout and appear on the surface before winter.

3. Bread grows

From the moment the grain hits the ground, it tries to get out. The sun shines, warms the earth and gives the seed warmth. In the warmth, the seed begins to germinate. But not only the grain needs warmth, it also needs to “drink and eat”. The mother-cheese-earth can feed the grain. It contains all the necessary nutrients for the growth of cereals.

In order for the grains to grow faster, the harvest was greater, the land was fertilized. Fertilizers in those days were natural. The land was fertilized with manure, which accumulated over the year from keeping livestock.

In the old days June was also called grain grower. The peasants even counted how many warm, bright days are needed for the cereals to ripen: “Then, on 137 warm days, winter rye ripens and winter wheat ripens at the same degree of heat, but ripens more slowly, not earlier than 149 days”.

4. Harvest

The harvest is a responsible time. The peasants had to determine the exact time when to start it, so that both on time and in good weather. And then the farmers watched everything and everyone: the sky, stars, plants, animals and insects.

The ripeness of the bread was checked for a tooth: the spikelets were torn, peeled off - and in the mouth: if the grains crunch, it means that they are ripe.

The day of the beginning of the harvest was called Zazhinki. Everyone took up the harvest together, the whole family went out into the field. And if they understood that they would not manage the harvest themselves, then they called for help.

Zinaida Evgenievna Serebryakova. Harvest. 1915

The work was very difficult. I had to get up before dawn and go to the field. The most important thing was to reap the harvest on time. Everyone forgot about their illnesses and sorrows. What you collect, so you live the whole year. Harvesting is a hard work, but it brings joy. If the rye grew tall and thick, they preferred to use a sickle, and the low and rare cornfield was mowed with a scythe. The mown plants were tied in sheaves.

5. Threshing grain

The peasants meticulously calculated the timing of the harvest, and if the weather did not allow waiting for the grain to ripen, then it was harvested unripe. Green ears were also cut in the northern regions, where they simply did not have time to ripen.

Usually the harvest was completed on the day of the Assumption of the Most Holy Theotokos - August 28 (August 15, old style). The popular name of this holiday is Spozhinki.

Sheaves were first carried to a barn or a barn.

Ovin is an outbuilding in which sheaves were dried before threshing. Ovin usually consisted of a pit, where a stove was located without a pipe, as well as an upper tier, where the sheaves were stacked.

Riga - a building with an oven for drying sheaf bread and flax. Riga was bigger than a barn. It dried up to 5 thousand sheaves, while in the barn - no more than 500. Ripe grain was transported immediately to the threshing floor - a fenced area of ​​land intended for storage, threshing and other processing of grain - and threshed there.

This was one of the most difficult stages of labor. The richer people tried to invite someone to help do the job.

And the work consisted of the following: they took a hammer (threshed) or a flail and hit the sheaves in order to "free" the grain. To obtain the best seeds and unbroken straw, they used a sheaf about a barrel. Later, these methods began to be replaced by threshing with the help of threshers, which worked on horse or steam traction.

A special trade was created for threshers who worked on their own machines for hire. The threshing of bread did not always take place immediately, sometimes this process was delayed, threshed both in autumn and at the beginning of winter. After threshing, the grain was blown - usually standing in the wind with the help of a shovel.

6. At the mill

As you know, bread is baked from flour. To get flour, the grain needs to be crushed - grind. The first tools for grinding grain were a stone mortar and pestle. Then they began not to crush the grain, but to grind it.

The grain milling process has been continuously improved. The invention of the hand grinding mill was a significant step forward. Its basis is a millstone - two heavy slabs, between which the grain was ground. The lower millstone was fixed motionless.The grain was poured through a special hole in the upper millstone, which was set in motion by the muscular power of humans or animals. Large, heavy millstones were turned by horses or bulls. It became easier to grind grain, but the work was still hard.

The situation changed only after the water mill was constructed. In flat areas, the speed of the flow of rivers is small in order to rotate the wheel by the force of a water jet. To create the necessary pressure, the rivers were dammed, the water level was artificially raised and the stream was directed along the chute onto the wheel blades. Over time, the structure of the mill was improved, windmills appeared, their blades were rotated by the wind. Windmills were built in areas where there were no bodies of water nearby. In some localities, the millstones were set in motion by animals - horses, bulls, donkeys.

7. Baking bread

In ancient times, housewives baked bread almost daily. Usually they started kneading the dough at dawn. They put on clean clothes, prayed and got to work. The dough recipes were different, but the main ingredients were flour and water. If there was not enough flour, they bought it at the bazaar.

To check the quality, the flour was tasted "by the mouth". They took a pinch of flour and chewed, if the resulting "dough" stretched well and not very sticky to the hands, then the flour is good.

Before kneading the dough, the flour was sieved through a sieve. Flour in the process of sifting had to "breathe".

In Russia, they baked black "sour" bread. It was called black because rye flour was used for its preparation, and it has a darker color than wheat flour. "Sour" - because sour leaven was used.

After kneading the dough in a dough - a wooden tub - and molding round loaves, the hostess collected the remnants of the dough from the walls into a lump, sprinkled it with flour and left it for sourdough until the next time. The finished dough was sent to the oven.

Stoves in Russia were special. They heated the room, baked bread on them, cooked food, slept, sometimes even washed and treated themselves. They put bread in the oven with prayer. In no case, while the bread was in the oven, it was impossible to swear or quarrel with anyone. Then the bread will not work.

Found a bug? Select it and press left Ctrl + Enter.