Where cotton is grown and sericulture is developed

Countries where cotton is grown and sericulture is developed are: a) Armenia; b) Turkmenistan; c) Belarus; d) Uzbekistan; e) Ukraine; f) Kyrgyzstan; g) Moldova; h) Tajikistan.

10 months ago

These are Uzbekistan and Tajikistan (g and z). Agriculture is an important industry for Tajikistan, and cotton is the main crop. 90% of raw materials are exported. The government is developing measures for the growth of the sericulture sector (financing, construction of factories), which reduces unemployment. Silk fabrics are used in medicine, for the military industry. And Uzbekistan ranks 4th in the world for cotton production. Cotton plantations occupy the bulk of the sown area (Fergana region, Karakalpakstan). Sericulture is also practiced here. Forty-five thousand farms are employed in this area, and about two million people work.

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The countries where cotton is grown and sericulture is developed are: a) Armenia; b) Turkmenistan; c) Belarus; d) Uzbekistan; e) Ukraine; f) Kyrgyzstan; g) Moldova; h) Tajikistan.

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These are Uzbekistan and Tajikistan (g and z). Agriculture is an important industry for Tajikistan, and cotton is the main crop. 90% of raw materials are exported. The government is developing measures for the growth of the sericulture sector (financing, construction of factories), which reduces unemployment. Silk fabrics are used in medicine, for the military industry. And Uzbekistan ranks 4th in the world for cotton production. Cotton plantations occupy the bulk of the sown area (Fergana region, Karakalpakstan). Sericulture is also practiced here. Forty-five thousand farms are employed in this area, and about two million people work.

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From ancient times to the present, cotton has been and remains one of the most important industrial crops. From this plant, a valuable fiber is obtained - cotton, which is then used for the production of fabrics, knitwear, threads and cotton wool. Since cotton is a fairly thermophilic crop, only the southernmost regions of Russia are suitable for its cultivation, and even then on a very limited scale.

The content of the article:

• Description of cotton
• Types and varieties of cotton
• The history of cotton cultivation
• General information about growing cotton
• Preparing the soil for sowing
• Fertilization
• Cotton watering
• Seed preparation and sowing
• Crop care and harvesting

Description of cotton

Cotton is a botanical genus that belongs to the Malvov family and has at least fifty species, among which there are both woody and herbaceous plants, both annuals and perennials.

The cultivated species used for the production of cotton are annual or biennial herbaceous plants that reach a height of 1–2 m, but at the same time have a very branched stem. Cultivated cotton plants have a taproot system, and the root is quite long - from 30 cm to three meters.

On cotton bushes, the leaves are attached with long petioles and are arranged alternately. The shape of the leaves is lobed (3-5 lobes), which is why they can resemble maple leaves.

Many single flowers appear on each plant. Most species and varieties have yellow flowers. The number of petals is from three to five.

After the flowering period has passed, a very peculiar fruit is formed - a round or oval box in which the seeds ripen.When the seeds are ready, the capsule cracks and opens, exposing the white fibrous mass, in which the cotton seeds are located. Fibrous mass is cotton, which consists of two types of hairs: long and fluffy, as well as short and fuzzy.

Types and varieties of cotton

For a long time, botanists could not draw up an accurate classification of plants of the genus Cotton, for which there were several reasons. Firstly, there are indeed many types of cotton - more than 50. Secondly, most of these species are subject to high variability under the influence of various conditions and circumstances, such as weather and soil composition. Thirdly, cotton plants are easily amenable to cross-pollination between plants of different species, as a result of which more and more new hybrids are formed.

The founder of modern biological taxonomy, Karl Linnaeus, believed that there are from 3 to 6 types of cotton. Many other botanists also believed that there are few types of cultivated cotton - about a dozen. But there were also more radical views: one assured that there are only two types of cotton - American and Asian, while others, on the contrary, numbered about fifty species or even more.

Currently, only the following types of cotton are used in the agriculture of the planet:

1. Herbaceous cotton plant. This annual species is most widespread in Central and Southeast Asia, as well as in the Caucasus. It is the shortest, but at the same time the most persistent species. Of all types of cotton, this one can grow the farthest in the north. The cotton obtained from it is the shortest and coarsest, which is why it is sometimes called woolly.
2. Indo-Chinese cotton plant. The tallest type of cultivated cotton, capable of growing up to 6 m. Treelike perennial. The cotton flower of this species has red rather than yellow petals, from which high-quality yellow cotton then ripens. Cultivated in tropical regions.
3. Peruvian cotton plant. The kind with the longest and highest quality fiber. It was originally a perennial, but through the efforts of American breeders about a century ago, it became an annual. It is not widely spread, it is grown in small quantities along the southeastern coast of the United States, as well as in Egypt.
4. Common cotton. The most common type. It is grown ubiquitous in regions with a suitable climate. Annual with white flowers. Medium quality fiber.

Since mainly ordinary cotton was grown on the territory of the former USSR, it is necessary to talk about varieties only in relation to this species. In the countries of Central Asia, the most widespread varieties were Eloten-7, Dashoguz-114, Serdar, Regar-34, Tashkent-6, Bukhoro-6, Omad, Andijon-35 and others. But for the southern regions of the Russian Federation and Ukraine, the Bulgarian varieties Garant, Balkan and Ogosta, which have time to ripen in our latitudes, are better suited. Also, mention should be made of purely Russian varieties of cotton: Yugtex, POSS, Pioner, Mikhailovsky and others.

The history of cotton cultivation

All four main types of cultivated cotton are believed to be cultivated independently in four different regions of the planet.

Probably the first to start cultivating cotton were the inhabitants of the Indus Valley about 7 thousand years ago. Gradually, cotton has spread to the adjacent regions, today belonging to India and Pakistan. Interestingly, some of the cotton processing methods invented at that time were applied right up to the modern industrialization of India.

For a long time, the cotton plant remained unknown neither in China, nor in the Middle East, and even more so in Europe. The first mentions of it in Western chronicles date back to the era of Alexander the Great, when Europeans first saw "wool growing on trees" in India.

At the turn of our era, cotton began to be grown in southern China. Around the same time, the Persians were trying to master this culture.Exactly when the cotton plantations in Iran became really large is unknown, but in the Middle Ages, cotton was already one of the most important articles of the Persian economy.

In parallel with India, cotton cultivation began in the territory of modern Mexico. The oldest finds of cotton fabrics discovered here date back to the beginning of the 6th millennium BC. NS. Another, completely independent center of cotton cultivation was in Peru.

By the end of the Middle Ages, cotton was already an important import commodity in northern Europe, but where this miracle fiber comes from, the Europeans only dimly understood, knowing only that fiber of plant origin. Many in all seriousness believed that such trees grow in the East, on which, instead of flowers, small sheep appear, from which they get cotton, so similar to sheep's wool. These misconceptions have even left their mark on modern European languages. For example, literally translated from German "cotton" means "wood wool".

By the end of the 16th century, cotton was grown everywhere in those regions of Asia and America, where there were suitable climatic conditions. Subsequently, it was cotton that became the locomotive of the industrial revolution in England, which changed the attitude of the state to the economy, and the people to entrepreneurship. Raw materials were imported from tropical colonies, processed in England, and then supplied to the British colonies, China and the countries of continental Europe. Cotton, on the other hand, became one of the causes of the American Civil War, but that's a completely different story.

Historically, cotton has never been grown on the territory of Russia, since the climate was not suitable for cotton, but it was simply ideal for flax. By and large, cotton and flax quite successfully replaced each other, so in our country, before the arrival of the Bolsheviks, no one seriously thought about growing cotton. For the first time, we began to seriously cultivate cotton in the 1930s in the North Caucasus. However, after the war, it was decided that it would be more rational to concentrate Soviet cotton growing in the Central Asian republics. The idea of ​​growing cotton on the territory of the Russian Federation was returned only a few years ago.

General information about growing cotton

Cotton is a rather specific crop. To grow it successfully, it requires a long warm period without frost, with plenty of sun and moderate rainfall. In other words, the tropical and subtropical climates are best suited for cotton.

On the territory of our country, cotton can be grown more or less successfully only in the North Caucasus, and even then only using varieties specially bred for this climatic zone.

When growing cotton, it is recommended to alternate it with alfalfa in a crop rotation. The fact is that cotton bushes greatly increase the salinity of the soil, while alfalfa, on the contrary, reduces it. You can also alternate it with grains and other crops.

Preparing the soil for sowing

The cotton field has been prepared since autumn. Winter plowing to a depth of 30 cm is performed in late summer - early autumn. If before that alfalfa was growing in the field, then before plowing it is necessary to carry out preliminary peeling of the soil by 5-6 cm, thereby preventing the regrowth of perennials.

In irrigated agriculture (and cotton is one of those crops that need irrigation), autumn plowing is recommended to be carried out with two-tier plows. If necessary, procedures for combing out the rhizomes of weeds and the introduction of herbicides are also carried out.

In the spring the field is harrowed in 2 tracks. If manure is introduced during this period, it is recommended to repeat plowing. Before sowing cotton, the field is usually watered, after which it is required to chisel at a shallow depth (up to 15 cm) with repeated harrowing. A field that has not been watered in winter needs to be cultivated.

Fertilization

A good cotton harvest can only be counted on when a large amount of fertilizer is applied.According to calculations, to get a ton of raw cotton, you need to spend on average about 50 kg of nitrogen, 15 kg of phosphorus and 45 kg of potassium. However, fertilizers must be applied strictly taking into account the soil and climatic conditions.

On depleted soil or after grain crops, before plowing, you need to apply about 20 tons of manure or compost per hectare. It is also advisable to fertilize the field with phosphorus and potash fertilizers.

Practice shows that the yield of cotton increases dramatically if a small amount of superphosphate is applied during sowing. It is advisable to carry out further feeding with nitrogen at the moment when the plants throw out the first true leaves, as well as at the stages of budding and flowering. In addition, during the budding period, the cotton needs to be fed with potassium, and during the flowering and fruit formation period - with phosphorus.

Cotton watering

When cultivating this culture, not only vegetative but also pre-sowing irrigation is used. Moreover, the second type of irrigation is done not only to moisten the arable layer, but also to remove excess salts from it.

On fields prone to salinization, pre-sowing leaching irrigation is carried out in late autumn - early winter, when there is still no severe frost, but the groundwater has already receded to its maximum depth. The irrigation rate on slightly saline soil is 3 thousand cubic meters per hectare before plowing, on highly saline soils - 3-4 thousand cubic meters per hectare after plowing with one or two repetitions.

Vegetation irrigation is necessary in order to obtain the maximum fiber quality and increase the efficiency of all other agrotechnical measures. All terms and rates of watering are calculated so that the plants do not experience a shortage of water throughout the growing season. The need for water in plants increases especially strongly during the periods of flowering and fruit formation.

Seed preparation and sowing

Before sowing, the seed is warmed up in the open air for 3-4 weeks, and then sequentially soaked in water and a solution of boric acid. After that, the seeds are disinfected with a suspension with copper trichlorophenolate.

Since cotton has a rather long growing season, sowing should be done as early as possible so that the capsule fruits have time to ripen before frost. But at the same time, crops should not be allowed to suffer from spring frosts. This is what creates difficulties for the cultivation of cotton in Russia. It is recommended to start sowing when the soil reaches a temperature of 12 ° C.

For cotton, a square-nest planting method is used with a step of 60 or 45 cm. About 80-120 thousand plants should fall on one hectare. However, many farmers note the economic feasibility of wide-row sowing, where the distance between plants is 90 cm. The average consumption of seeds per hectare is about 40-70 kg, depending on the sowing scheme and seed size.

Crop care and harvesting

During the growing season of cotton, it is necessary to carry out measures to destroy the surface crust on the soil, remove weeds and water the crops. In addition, when 1-2 true leaves appear on cotton shoots, thinning of the nests should be carried out. However, if modern precision planters are used, the need for manual plant breakthrough is completely eliminated.

After the emergence of seedlings, it is necessary to cultivate in the aisles to a depth of 10 cm. Further, during the initial growing season, several more cultivations are carried out until the cotton plant closes its rows.

Weed control is carried out either with herbicides or by mulching. The second, by the way, can significantly reduce labor costs for caring for fields with cotton.

An effective way to increase yields is the timely chasing of plants, that is, cutting off the tops on the growth branches and the main stem. This procedure allows you to increase the yield by an average of 10 centners per hectare.

Due to the fact that cotton bolls ripen extremely unevenly (within 1-2 or even 3 months), for a long time this crop was harvested exclusively by hand in several stages. Today, special cotton harvesters are used for these purposes.

Also in cotton growing, defoliation is practiced - the removal of leaves shortly before harvesting. This is done due to the fact that the leaves are a breeding ground for all kinds of fungi, bacteria and insects that can harm the crop.

Sericulture - breeding silkworms to obtain silk. The most widely used silkworm (Bombyx mori). According to Confucian texts, silk production using the silkworm began around the 27th century BC. e., although archaeological research allows us to talk about the Yangshao period (5000 BC). In the first half of the 1st century A.D. NS. Sericulture came to ancient Khotan, and at the end of the 3rd century it came to India. It was later introduced in Europe, the Mediterranean and other Asian countries. Sericulture has become important in a number of countries such as China, Republic of Korea, Japan, India, Brazil, Russia, Italy and France. Today, China and India are the two main producers of silk, accounting for about 60% of the world's annual production.

The data in this article is as of the end of the 19th century. You can help, updating information in the article.

History

The oldest silkworm cocoon was found in a Neolithic settlement in the northern province of Shanxi (c. 2200-1700 BC), and the first fragments of silk fabric in one of the tombs of South China (China), during the Warring States (475-221 BC) . BC.). The ancient Chinese highly prized silk for its strength, softness, and luster; most of the fabrics produced were used to tailor clothes for wealthy people. Silk was woven in several ways, so both heavy and very light fabrics were made from it. Jackets were often decorated with rich embroidery with fantastic motifs. Silk production technology is very simple and at the same time infinitely complex. The silkworm larva lives on mulberry leaves. In the first thirty days of her life, when she is in the process of turning into a caterpillar, she eats an amount of leaves twenty times her own weight. Therefore, for the cultivation of silkworms, the Chinese created large plantations of mulberries, which gave them the necessary leaves. Thousands of silkworms were raised on special trays. When the cocoon formation came to an end, the caterpillar's life cycle was artificially interrupted. The butterflies were killed with hot steam. Cocoons were poured with boiling water to clean them of sericin (sticky substance): after that, the fibers were unwound to obtain a more or less fine thread: from six to seven fibers for the thinnest to twenty-five for the coarser. About 500 meters of thread were obtained from one cocoon. The ready-made skeins of yarn were sent to special workshops, where they were dyed, and then fed to the crochet for weaving. To weave one square meter of fabric, a thread was needed, unwound from three thousand five hundred cocoons. Since then, the technology of making silk has been constantly improved, and this production has become one of the main branches of the Chinese economy for many hundreds of years. Since the II century A.D. silk became the main commodity carried by Chinese merchants to distant countries. It was highly valued in East Turkestan and Central Asia, India and Parthia, Rome and Egyptian Alexandria. And in Rome in the first centuries of our era, there was even a special market for the sale of silk. Already in the most ancient monuments of the Sanskrit language, silk is spoken of. Mukerya believes that the silk industry arose independently among the Chinese, Hindus and Semites, and that the European peoples received the first information about silk from the Mongols. Sericulture began to develop relatively late in Europe. So, silk goods began to be imported into Europe from the II century. After another 4 centuries, i.e.under the Emperor Justinian, when two missionary monks brought a small amount of grains to Constantinople, silkworms were first bred and fed on the leaves of the black mulberry, which was then already available in Europe. Actually, the beginning of the development of sericulture as an industry in Europe was laid only in the 8th century by the Arabs. Much silk was produced in Sicily in the twelfth century; in the 13th century, industrial sericulture existed in Italy, but only in the 16th and 17th centuries did Italian sericulture make huge strides. In France, it was only since the time of Henry IV that silkworm production acquired state significance. In Russia, the first attempts to plant silkworm breeding were under Mikhail Feodorovich; under Alexei Mikhailovich, mulberries were planted near Moscow (the village of Izmailovka). Peter the Great not only forbade the destruction of existing plantations (in Astrakhan and Akhtuba), but also planted new ones (in Kiev and Constantinograd), and in the Caucasus, along the Terek, lands were distributed for mulberry cultivation. Under Catherine II, thanks to the arrangement of state plantations and the encouragement of the distribution of land and cash benefits, the beginning of the Crimean silkworm breeding was laid. Under Paul I, state-owned plantations were distributed to the peasants for use, state-owned silk-winding plants were set up, special monetary awards were established for successes in the field of silkworm breeding, and special government inspectors for silkworm breeding were appointed. However, despite the above measures, the development of silkworm breeding in Russia proceeded weakly: persistent diseases of the silkworm greatly delayed this development.

Technology

The main food for the silkworm is mulberry leaves. The mulberry tree, or mulberry, belongs to the genus Morus, family Moraceae; of all species of the genus Morus, there are up to 10, but of them only Morus nigra, Morus alba and Morus rubra are important for sericulture.

Black mulberry (M. nigra, fig. 1) has thick, wide, cordate, equilateral, dark green, short petiolate leaves at the base and large, black-violet, short-stalked fruits.

(Table. SILK PRODUCTION). FIG. one.

Male inflorescences are thick, cylindrical; women - short, oval; stigma covered with abundant hairs. It is bred in southern Europe, Asia Minor, on the southern coast of Crimea, in the Caucasus, Turkestan and Persia. The height of the tree is up to three fathoms or more.

White mulberry (M. alba, Fig. 2) has thinner and light green leaves, mostly ovoid, very often spatulate, with a variable number of lobes (Fig. 3), long-petiolate, their edges are serrated; long-stemmed fruits are white, red or purple.

(Table. SILK PRODUCTION). FIG. 3.

Hetton believes that in addition to the common silkworm or silkworm (Bombyx mori), five more species should be distinguished, which gave rise to various domestic breeds: 1) B. textor, 2) B. sinensis, B. croesi, B. fortunatus and B. arracanensis ; these species are characterized by small, more or less soft, pointed cocoons at the ends. The homeland of all these types of Getton recognizes China; Mukeryi believes that the real homeland of B. mori is the Himalayas and that all 5 species indicated by Getton are climatic varieties of the common ancestor, B. mori. There is no doubt that modern silkworm breeds (B. mori) were obtained by silk breeders through careful selection. The importance of selection in Switzerland can be seen at least from the following example: in 1888 Coutagne took up selection in order to increase the productivity of the yellow French breed of worms, and at the beginning of the experiments the cocoons gave an average of 14.2% silk, and by 1893 the percentage this one rose to 16.3. Silkworm breeds fall into the following groups: 1) Japanese, 2) Chinese and Korean, 3) Indian and Indo-Chinese, 4) Central Asian, 5) Persian, 6) transcaucasian, 7) Asia Minor and Balkan and 8) European. There are very few well established rocks, and most of them require further study.The breeds differ in the characteristics of a gren, a worm, a cocoon, and a butterfly; so, the grenade is large, small, glued by a butterfly or not. Worms differ in appearance, size, color, number of molts (3 or 4) and in the number of harvests (with one or many). Finally, the cocoons differ in size, shape, color, graininess, and amount of silk (see Fig. 7).

(Table. SILK PRODUCTION). FIG. 7. Cocoon of the Chinese breed Che-Kiang. Cocoon of the Japanese breed. Cocoon of European breed. Cocoon of the Chinese Shan Tung breed.

Japanese breeds: a) giving one harvest per year, with 4 molts; life span 34 days; white worms with a speckled pattern, with or without eyes; small cocoons of white and green color, usually with interception. The butterfly is white, the eggs are glued; b) common Japanese breed with white or green cocoons; worms are white with brown specks; give 2 crops per year (bivoltine); life expectancy is 28-30 days. These breeds are very hardy; they are preferred in damp areas where more hardy breeds are needed.

Chinese breeds bring one or two crops a year; give small and medium-sized cocoons, oval or pointed, white, blange, sometimes green, the color of worms is very diverse; butterflies are usually white (Korean - variegated); Grena is glued; life expectancy is 30 days. These breeds are very gentle. The rest of the Asian breeds are partly degenerating, and partly replaced by European ones and are generally of less interest.

European breeds have cocoons of medium and large size, regular shape, with interception; blange or white; worms are white, sometimes dark and zebra-like in color; molts 4; Grena is glued; butterflies are white. Cocoons produce a lot of silk and, moreover, of good quality. These breeds are divided into the following groups: a) Austrian, b) Italian, c) French and d) Spanish. In the foreground are French and Italian breeds; of the varieties, the first is the best Sevenian and Pyrenean, and more hardy - Varskaya; from italian the best silk delivers bion variety and then briozza. A lot of mixed breeds are bred for industrial purposes. In Russia, Japanese, French, Italian, Khorasan and Bukhara breeds are bred.

Development of the worm. The silkworm (Figs. 5 and 6) emerges from testicles or grensclothed in a very dense and thick shell.

(Table. SILK PRODUCTION). FIG. 5. Life-sized 5th instar worm; numbers indicate segments;

G - head,

NS - silk,

NS - real and

NS' - false legs,

s - spiracles or stigma,

p - horn,

mountains - hump.

(Table. SILK PRODUCTION). FIG. 6. Worms of various ages in natural size. one

b - the worm on the last day of the first age; 2

but and 2

b , 3

but and 3

b , 4

but and 4

b - worms on the first and last days of the 2nd, 3rd and 4th instars; five

but - the worm on the first day of the 5th age.

At this time, it is very small, dark brown in color and covered with long hairs, which makes it seem shaggy. With good food, the worms grow quickly and by the end of 4 days of life they become light brown, while the chest is light gray. In its larval life, the worm 4 times falls asleep and sheds, that is, it sheds the skin; the period of time between every two molts is called age worm. The first sleep occurs on the 5th day of the worm's life and lasts approximately 24 hours. During sleep, the old skin of the worm from the head is partly shifted forward. Just before molting, the worm changes its position, goes down, makes weak convulsive movements with the whole body, stretches out and, having made a significant effort, makes the old, tight skin burst. Its break always and at all ages falls on the same place, namely, right now behind the head. As soon as the skin bursts, the worm quickly crawls out of it and discards the skin remaining on the head.After that, the worm sits motionless for a long time (rests), and then is taken for food. After the first sleep, the worm enters the second age; he eats for 3 days and then falls asleep for a day, after which he sheds again; at the third age, he eats for 5 days and sleeps for a few more days; at the fourth age, eats for 5 days and sleeps for 1½ days; at the fifth age, the worm stays for 8-12 days; then he stops eating (at the same time, it decreases somewhat in growth, since excrement continues to be excreted) and, finally, having almost completely emptied its intestinal canal, it becomes translucent; such a worm is called mature. Climbing on the cocoons and choosing a suitable place for himself, he proceeds to curling the cocoon. Releasing a continuous silky thread from the papilla of the lower lip, the worm strengthens it on the cocoons, arranging for itself, as it were, forests, inside which its cocoon will be suspended. After that, the worm proceeds to curling the cocoon, which is made in 3-4 days, depending on the temperature in the worm duct. Having released the entire supply of silk, the worm calms down and falls into a state of numbness (falls asleep). After some time, the worm molts in a cocoon, this time on a pupa; after 15-18 days a butterfly emerges from the pupa, which secretes a caustic liquid from the mouth, corroding the end of the cocoon facing the head. Upon leaving their cocoons, males immediately begin mating with females.

Grena has an oval (elliptical) shape, flattened from the sides, slightly thicker at one pole; soon after its deposition, one depression appears on both flattened sides. At the thinner pole there is a rather significant depression, in the middle of which there is a tubercle, and in the center of it there is a hole - micropyledesigned for the passage of the seed thread. The size of the grène is about 1 mm long and 0.5 mm wide, but it varies considerably depending on the breed. In general, European, Asian Minor, Central Asian and Persian breeds give a larger green than Chinese and Japanese. The weight of 1000 pieces of grenas ranges from 0.8432 to 0.4460 grams; the most severe grin in the breed Cypriot (with yellow cocoons), and the lightest in the Japanese green bivoltine. Grena is dressed in a thick, dense, almost transparent shell, which on the flattened sides is permeated with the finest tubules through which air flows to the yolk. According to Verson's analyzes, the shell consists of 12.5% ​​water, 86.5% organic matter, 0.1% water-soluble ash, and 0.9% water-insoluble ash. The internal contents of the grena consists of a cell with one nucleus and is dressed with a vitelline membrane (chorion) lying above the shell. The inside of the cell is filled with yolk balls, small in its surface layer and large in the inner part. Live chena breathes, that is, it absorbs oxygen in the air and releases carbon dioxide, and this process occurs most strongly before hatching of the worm and on the 2nd day after the deposition of the chena, it is weakest in January and generally in winter. As it stands, the grin loses weight, and in the first month after laying it decreases by 2% of its weight, in the next 7 months - by 1% and in the month of revival - by 9%; in total, the loss reaches - 13%. To store the grena during the fall and until the beginning of winter, the temperature should be gradually increased from + 20% C. To +2 and + 3 ° C., At which the grena hibernates; in spring, by the time of revival, the temperature should gradually rise to + 15 ° C. Grena freely withstands the winter temperature of the southern zone of the temperate climate and the short-term effect of temperatures lowered even to -26 ° C; only at -30 ° C frost does the grena die. When exposed to a temperature of -10 ° C, 5% of the grains (European breeds) die within 7 days, while within 49 days - 20%. But the effect of elevated temperature is also harmful for Gren; at + 30 ° C. within 90 days without interruption, all the gena dies. The result of feeding the worms usually depends on the quality of the grenade. A badly wintered grin, or even just not washed in time, can never be considered reliable.Worms that have emerged from a bad seed either die at the beginning or at the end of feeding. In a small household, it is not profitable to cook toasted bread at home and it is better to subscribe to it from persons and institutions that are specially engaged in its preparation. Grena should be purchased cellular, that is, obtained through correct breeding selection using microscopic examination, from persons and institutions that are quite worthy of trust. If such a grin is more expensive than an ordinary one, then the expense for it pays off with an excess of the quantity and quality of the cocoons obtained. The prescribed grenade must be tested, for which a winter trial brood and feeding of worms are made from it. For a trial winter feeding, it is enough to get 25-50 worms. Feeding can be done in an ordinary room, and the worms are placed near a kerosene lamp with a strong burner so that the temperature near it is kept at 18-20 ° R. Feeding can be started as soon as the roots of the scorpion plant planted in pots or boxes germinate. In the course of feeding, you need to ensure that there is no tobacco smoke in the room where the worms are located. Grena winter discharge, not allowing it to warm up in the room, must be immediately taken out into the cold upon receipt or hung between the window frames so that the frame with the grenade does not touch either the outer or the inner glass. A thermometer should be hung near the grena to monitor the temperature; windows should be chosen facing north to avoid exposure to sunlight. By keeping the outer window more or less ajar, it is convenient to regulate the temperature between the frames. The grens begin to revive when the buds begin to unfold on the mulberry; in Transcaucasia it happens at the end of March, in the south of Russia - at the end of April. Late revival of the grena should be avoided. To revitalize, the gren from the boxes is poured onto sheets of paper with curved edges and placed in a room at 10 ° R. and then the temperature rises daily by 1 °, so that by the time of hatching, the temperature reaches + 18 ° C. for Japanese breeds and + 19 ° C. for European. To protect the young worms from the ants, the grenade is placed in a small cabinet (Fig. 8) covered with muslin, the legs of which are in saucers filled with water; a thermometer and a hygrometer are placed at the cabinet.

(Table. SILK PRODUCTION). FIG. nine.

but - outer wall,

b - inner wall,

in - wire supports for frames with grains,

G and

d - openings for air access,

e - the place where the lamp is heated,

f - exhaust pipe,

s - a frame with grains.

The revitalization period of Grena lasts from 7 to 12 days. If the onset of cold weather retards the development of the mulberry leaf, then the room temperature is left for several days without increasing, but it should not be lowered. 2-3 days before the hatching of the worms, the grena takes on a brown-black color, and within a day it becomes light gray-ash. If the air is dry, the floor of the room where the grena revives is sprayed with water or cups of water are placed. On the eve of the release of the worms, in the evening you should cover the green with a rare tulle, and on top, to lure the hatched worms, place a crushed leaf of scorzonera or mulberry. Hatching of worms, lasting for 2-4 days, occurs normally in the morning before 12 noon and additionally in the evening, between 11 and 12 am. The worms collected each time are transferred on a tulle to a feeding rack. On the first day, a few worms usually hatch, on the second and third - most of them, and on the fourth - the rest. The outlets of each day are collected and fed separately; at the same time, both development and molting in worms of the same exit occur evenly and at the same time.

In areas with developed Sh., groiners establishments whose task is to get grenas for sale. The main merit of the grener comes down to the ability to select cocoons for the tribe. Tribal cocoons are selected not only in shape, but also in color.The presence in the batch of cocoons of a different color or even a different shade indicates an admixture of other rocks, and therefore such cocoons should be removed. In addition, the trainer should keep in mind that there are approximately the same number of males and females in the breeding party. Although there are no exact distinguishing features for such a difference, it is possible to judge to some extent by the cocoons themselves: the cocoons of males are smaller, elongated in shape, with a pronounced interception, more fine-grained and denser; by weight, the male cocoon is much lighter than the female cocoon. Cocoons ugly, underdeveloped, satiny should not be allowed on the tribe. The emergence of butterflies from their cocoons usually occurs on the 15-18th day after the start of the curling of the cocoons. On their way out, the males look for females and connect with them. Such coupled couples must be secluded now; they are put in bags (each pair separately), which are then tightened with a thread. The pouches are made of cheap, heavily starched muslin and are at least 2 vershoks wide and 2 vershoks deep. The most favorable temperature for ditching is considered to be 18-20 ° P. During the first days, the sacs are examined, and those of them in which one or both butterflies died earlier than 5 days are thrown out of the batch, since the moths from them are considered weak. After the butterflies are carried out and die, they begin their microscopic examination. The main purpose of this operation is to determine whether or not these producers are infected with calves. pebrines - the disease is very dangerous and inherited. If the butterflies are infected, the grena is destroyed. For research, a couple of butterflies are taken, placed in a mortar with a small amount of water and ground into a liquid gruel; a drop of such gruel is examined under a microscope; at a magnification of 400-500 times the pebrin bodies are perfectly visible and represent small, very shiny, oval bodies (Fig. 10).

Due to the inconvenience of preserving the grenade in bags, it is washed. The best time for washing is considered the moment when the autumn development of the grena has already stopped, and its wintering has not yet begun. The washed and dried grenade is taken out into the cold for preservation.

For successful breeding of worms, the following are mainly necessary: ​​good-quality food in sufficient quantities, clean air of normal dryness, temperature from +17 to + 18 ° R., sufficient area, careful removal of waste and residues. Worms are fed in a shed, room, or in a special wormhole. The size of the latter is calculated at 20-30 cubic meters. arshin for each spool gren. The wormhole should be sufficiently well lit and ventilated and have a ceiling if the roof is iron or tiled. In it, the worms are located on whatnots, and the most convenient are those equipped with movable frames (Fig. 11).

Frame sizes from 21/2 to 3 arshins and 1-11 / 2 arshins in width; the distance between the frames is 12-16 vershoks; the height of the shelf is up to 3 yards.

Before feeding, the wormhole is washed, cleaned, the walls and ceiling are whitewashed, and sulfophenolic acid (1%) is added to the lime and, finally, all the premises and objects are disinfected with chlorine or sulfur. When the worms hatch, they are brought into the worm duct and placed on shelves, and the frames are preliminarily covered with paper, which protects them from contamination. Worms of various breeds and ages are located on separate shelves, or at least on separate frames. At the first age, the worms are given a finely chopped leaf; in the second, the cut is slightly larger; in the third - even larger; in the fourth - a whole sheet; in the fifth - a whole leaf and young shoots. The worms should be given as much of the leaf that they can eat until it wilts, that is, give the leaf in small portions, but feed it more often; the number of feedings per day should be:

At the first age	10	10
In the second age	7	8
In the third age	7	8
At the fourth age	7	10
At the fifth age	9	18

The sheet is poured evenly over the frame; worms that begin to molt are not given leaves at all, but after molting, feed should be started only when they can eat. The leaf fed to the worms should take the temperature of the worm duct. To feed worms from 1 spool, the Grena in the first age needs 11/2 pounds of leaf, in the second - 31/2 pounds, in the third 341/2 pounds, in the fourth - 56 pounds and in the fifth 300 pounds (part with shoots). All food debris that accumulates during the day must be removed. For this purpose they serve pullers (Fig. 12), that is, sheets of paper with rows of holes of different diameters for each age of the worms.

(Table. SILK PRODUCTION). FIG. 12.

Early in the morning, a stripper is applied to the worms, on top of which a leaf is poured for bait; The worms pass through the holes within 11/2 hours to the puller, which is then lifted by one worker from the frame, while another worker removes the old puller with flooring from the frame, after which the puller with the worms is lowered back onto the frame. As the worms grow, they need to separate more space, that is, to cut the worms. For this, the worms are removed not by one, but by two or three pullers. Worms from one spool occupy 1/2 at the first age, 11/2 at the second age, 3 at the third, 7 at the fourth, and 12 square meters at the fifth. arshin of the area of ​​the shelf. The normal temperature during feeding is considered to be + 17-18 ° R. and is maintained with the help of fireplaces. Regarding the cutting of the sheet, let us note that it is carried out in large silkworms with the help of a special machine — a sheet cutter (Fig. 13); in small farms, the leaf is crumbled with a simple sharp knife.

If the temperature in the worm duct during feeding is kept constantly within the range of 18-20 °, then usually on the 32nd day from the beginning of feeding the worms receive food for the last time and begin to climb the cocoons; on the 33rd day, the last worms creep up there. Sills settle on the same shelves where the worms were fed; but in some places they are also arranged completely separate from the aft shelves. The purpose of the cocoon is to provide a place convenient for curling the cocoon, in which the worm would find as many points of attachment as possible for the silk threads going to the base of the cocoon. Suitable material for this are the twigs of various trees, as well as branching woody grasses: gorse, heather, chernobylnik, tumbleweed, etc. Coillus can not be made from plants that have a strong odor, such as wormwood, fresh birch branches and others. Bunches of branches are tied at the base and placed in an upright position on a shelf, with the lower ends of the bundles resting on their shelf, and their tops on the upper shelf (Fig. 14).

(Table. SILK PRODUCTION). FIG. fourteen.

Artificial cocoons are made from blocks to which bamboo curls are tied in China, and from shavings in Western Europe (Fig. 15); Davril's cocoon (or ladder) is also very practical.

(Table. SILK PRODUCTION). FIG. fifteen.

The installation of cocoons is started as soon as the worms detect the approach of the curling time, which is noticed by the fact that the worms suddenly stop eating and remain in a calm state, becoming more and more transparent. Untimely installation of cocoons and their density cause the curling of irregular cocoons, twins, etc., which results in a significant loss of cocoons. The temperature during curling should not be lower than that at which the feeding was carried out; it is even better if it is 1-2 ° higher, especially if during feeding the temperature did not exceed 18 ° P. otherwise, the pupa in the cocoons could be damaged. In view of this, it is best to pre-cut one of the latest cocoons and examine the pupa; if it is whitish and the skin is soft, then you need to wait 1-2 days. Tribal cocoons remain even longer, namely, they are removed no earlier than 10-11 days after curling. Cocoons going to unwind silk should be are overwhelmed. The removed cocoons are preliminarily cleaned from flakes (silk, easily torn from the cocoon by hand), are sorted and usually soaked with steam. When sorting, cocoons are divided into 4 grades: 1) the best, perfectly strong cocoons, which do not crumple when they are lightly squeezed with two fingers; 2) soft cocoons, easily crumpled; 3) double and ugly; 4) rusty and stained. There are a number of special devices for freezing worms, but in small farms, for this purpose, they use an ordinary boiler, into which half of the water is poured, and when the water boils, 3 sieves are placed on the boiler, of which sawdust is in the lower one, and loose in the two upper ones. cocoons lie in a layer. All this is covered with an overturned tub, which has a small hole at the bottom for excess steam to escape. Within 15 minutes, the cocoons are frozen, which is controlled by an egg placed in the upper sieve; if the egg is boiled hard, then the cocoons are considered frozen. After this, the sieves are removed from the boiler and the cocoons are allowed to cool slowly; then they are laid out on shelves for complete drying, after which they are poured loosely into wicker baskets or, even better, stored on the shelves in a layer of no more than 3 vershoks. A different number of cocoons are obtained from the grena spool, depending on the breed; so, with a successful conclusion, the yield of French and Italian breeds reaches 20-28 pounds, for Baghdad - 22-30 pounds, for Japanese and Chinese 14-20 pounds. If the feeding went wrong or the worms were exposed to diseases, then the yield drops to 50% or even to 100%. The normal number of rejects (excluding twins) should not exceed 1-2%; twins for European breeds are allowed up to 5%, and for Japanese - up to 20%.

Of the silkworm diseases, the most formidable is pebrina; in the 1950s and 1960s, this disease almost led to the complete destruction of Sh. in Western Europe and Russia. In the past, Switzerland also suffered greatly from it. France and Italy. This disease is parasitic, expressed in the fact that in the organs of the worm appears a huge amount of the parasite itself, or the so-called Taurus pebrines (see). Such bodies have an oval shape (almost elliptical) and represent a perfectly smooth surface (Fig. 10). They strongly refract light, shine strongly under a microscope and have a very significant specific gravity. Their sizes are up to 4½ in length and up to 2 micromillimeters in width. Mature bodies are very resistant to both acids and alkalis. Of the chemical reagents, chlorine has the strongest effect, which in a few minutes kills the pebrin bodies. The harm caused by this parasite comes down to the destruction of all organs in which it multiplies, and then, probably, to the gradual poisoning of the blood by secretions of bodies. This disease is widespread and very contagious; its main signs are as follows: uneven and very prolonged emergence of worms; high mortality at the beginning of the first age of worms; unevenness in the onset of the first sleep, which increases with each age; yellowish skin of the worm, black spots on the body and thorn of the worm and on the wings of butterflies; sluggish deposition of grena, in which many yellow (unfertilized) testicles remain. The disease can be prevented in the following ways: 1) the use of cellulary grains, which does not contain pebrin microorganisms; 2) careful adherence to the rules of feeding; 3) prevention of its transfer from infected worms; 4) production, in order to avoid infection in areas with a strong distribution of pebrin, early feeding.

Flatch witness (see) or deadness is also a very dangerous disease and is now considered even more dangerous than pebrin, against which there are already valid remedies. This disease, appearing suddenly, sometimes acts so quickly that it can destroy all the worms of a given economy in a few days; appearing often after the fourth sleep and even during the curling of cocoons (Fig. 16), it immediately destroys all the work and costs of the silkworm breeder.

(Table. SILK PRODUCTION). FIG. sixteen.Flatchedette worms:

k - completely ready-made cocoons,

k ′ - just started cocoon, 1 and 2 - dead worms that have not yet changed their body color, 3 - dead worm, starting to turn black, 4 - dead blackened worm (¼ of natural size).

Even if the affected worm managed to curl a cocoon, then it dies in it, quickly decays, and the black liquid flowing out of it spoils the cocoon, making it stained. The signs of this disease are as follows: the worm begins to eat poorly, becomes lethargic, diarrhea opens, sometimes fluid flows out of the mouth, the body becomes flabby and the worm gradually dies and turns black and soft while still alive. The conditions contributing to the appearance of this disease are: 1) poor preservation of the grena in winter, 2) the cramped room of worms, 3) bad air and a rare change of litter, 4) intense heat during feeding, 5) starvation of the worms or feeding them with a damp, soaked leaf. Under a microscope, vibrios (rod-shaped), fast-moving bodies (Fig. 17) and micrococci (very small spherical bodies, sometimes connected by chains) (Fig. 18) are observed in worms, pupae and butterflies. At the initial stage of the disease, it can be stopped by increased ventilation, cleaning the worm duct, changing the litter and removing sick worms, and in general by carefully observing all the rules for feeding the worm.

Muscardine or fossilization is a disease caused, as Crivelli and Bassi proved in the 1930s, by a parasitic fungus (Botrytis Bassiana, fig. 19). All agents that kill the spores of this fungus should be considered drastic measures to combat this disease. Spores of the fungus Botrytis are spherical bodies 0.002-0.003 mm in diameter (Fig. 20).

The spores floating in the air sit on the food and get with it into the intestinal canal of the worm, where they germinate and develop into mycelium (mycelium); after a week, all the tissues of the worm are overflowing with mycelium, which releases spore carriers through the skin of the worm. Germinated spore-bearers, together with the spores themselves, form a white bloom on the corpses of worms (as if sprinkled with chalk). The symptoms of this disease are as follows: at the onset of the disease, the worms turn pinkish, stop eating, assume a molting position and die. Dead worms shrink and harden so much that they even break. From the means of struggle are used: removal of sick worms, change of the stripper, bedding; whitewashing the walls and ceiling or flushing it with hot liquor, along with fumigating the room with sulfur.

Jaundice or obesity It is not considered dangerous and usually occurs in worms of the 5th instar. The worms stop eating, swell, the skin on them stretches and begins to shine; worms of white and green breeds take on a milky color, and yellow ones - yellow. Finally, the skin bursts, a liquid containing small crystals flows out of the worm (Fig. 21), stains the food and bedding, and quickly decays. Hexagonal crystals and fat droplets are found under the microscope. All sick worms should be thrown out before they burst.

Stuntedness it is similar to a flatchid and is characterized by the fact that the worms stop eating, acquire an earthy color, wrinkle and die; the corpse does not take on a black color, as in the case of a flat-witness, but micrococci are found under a microscope in worms, pupae and butterflies.

Enemies of the silkworm. Cats destroy both worms and butterflies. Mice and rats eat worms and wintering grenadine. Birds, both domestic and wild, as well the bats destroy worms and butterflies. Ants severely harm the worms of the first instars, which are carried away to anthills. Some species even gnaw through cocoons. Skin beetles start up during drilling; these are small, gray beetles with black stripes on the back, covered with white hairs on the abdomen; its larvae eat grenadine, butterflies and pupae, gnawing cocoons. It is necessary to destroy both the beetle and its larva.

Literature

• Sericulture // Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary: in 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - SPb., 1890-1907.
• "Ancient Chinese" - Ranok Publishing House, 2004
• K. R. Diseases of the silkworm // Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary: in 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - SPb., 1890-1907.
• "Secrets of the Silk Road" - Moscow, "Veche", 2002 N. Kh. Akhmetshin.

Notes (edit)

1. ↑ Patricia Buckley Ebrey. 2005. China: A Cultural, Social and Political History... Wadsworth Publishing. Page 7. ISBN 0618133879.
2. ↑ Hill, John E. 2003. “Annotated Translation of the Chapter on the Western Regions according to the Hou hanshu. " 2nd Draft Edition. Appendix A.

The history of the business is much more true than the fake fabrications of paid official historians.
Planetary climate change occurred in 1850-60. This can be clearly seen in how Russia had to urgently move far to the south, through the sultry deserts, in order to develop and irrigate the lands of Turkistan dried up by the hot sun and civilize the local nomadic population. Russia colonized Turkestan in 1850-60 with the aim of growing agricultural crops there, which could no longer grow on its territory, as it was before the climate change towards a cold snap, and those crops whose supplies decreased due to the American Civil War. For 20-25 years, Russia has achieved outstanding success in the agriculture of Turkestan and began to produce goods there, which were noted at domestic and international exhibitions. Turkestan was a Russian colony, rebuilt and comfortable in the best European traditions, it was a flourishing outskirts. If not for the October coup and the seizure of Turkestan by the Jewish Red Army, it could well have been more luxurious and richer than Europe. In fact, when the Jewish Soviet government began to dominate Turkestan in the 1920s, it came to everything ready, after colossal hard work had been done to build the industrial, transport and agricultural infrastructure of this vast region. Before the climate change in Russia, there was no cotton growing, no silk production, no winemaking at the industrial level in Turkestan, all these technologies were brought from Russia.

Winemaking.

Before the annexation of Central Asia (formerly Turkestan) to Russia, there was no industrial winemaking there. In 1866-1883, thanks to the efforts of Russian entrepreneurs ... large grape plantations of industrial importance were established in the region.In 10-15 years, the demand for grapes and grape wine has increased markedly. By 1914, Turkestanis began to produce grape wine themselves at home, the productivity reached 40,000 buckets.

In 1867, I. I. Pervushin, a merchant of the first guild, built a distillery in Tashkent. Subsequently, he began to combine alcohol smoking with winemaking, and achieved success in the production of grape wines. The wines produced by Pervushin were supplied not only to the domestic but also to the foreign market.

In 1868, a merchant from central Russia named Dmitry Filatov founded a small wine-making enterprise in Samarkand. At first it was small, but approximately
4 years later, at the world wine competitions in Paris and Antwerp, the so-called "Filatov's Samarkand grape wine" was awarded gold and silver medals. This success gave impetus to the further development of winemaking in the region, and soon the wine made in Samarkand began to flow to the Imperial Court of the Russian Empire. In 1904, a school of gardening, viticulture and winemaking was opened in Samarkand, the only one in the entire Turkestan region "(Winemaking in Uzbekistan-Wikipedia)

Cotton growing.

In Russia, cotton did not grow, the country received raw cotton by import. Before the Crimean War of 1853-56, the United States was the main supplier of cotton fiber, but in 1854 the supply of American cotton decreased, and the industry switched to processing cotton fiber from Central Asia (Turkestan). In connection with the outbreak of the Civil War in 1863, the supply of cotton almost ceased, there was a cotton famine. The rise in prices for cotton fiber stimulated the development of the cotton industry in Turkestan.

It should also be noted that since the 90s, the development of cotton growing has been carried out by reducing the areas of other agricultural crops (especially cereals) on the irrigated lands of the valley.
Beginning in 1885, the cultivation of American cotton began to spread more and more. For example, if in 1892.In the region, American cotton was sown only on 72,588 dessiatines of land, then in 1915 - on 336,525 dessiatines, and in total cotton occupied 43.3% of the irrigated land of the region. An important condition for the development of cotton growing was the construction of the Central Asian railway, which provided and greatly reduced the cost of transportation of goods and contributed to the strengthening of commodity exchange.

Before the colonization of Turkestan by Russia, silkworm breeding there was at the most primitive level.

On Shelkovichnaya Street, later the right side of which was renamed into Herman Lopatin Street, the first translator of K. Marx's "Capital" into Russian, the school of sericulture was founded already in 1872 and existed for 11 years, until 1883, when it was closed as unnecessary. The fact is that General von Kaufmann also invited Bukharian Jews from the Bukhara Emirate, who were engaged in the production of silk fabrics and their dyeing.

The next exhibition, held in March 1878, already had the status of "industrial and agricultural" and included several sections: geographical, zoological, botanical, mineral-geological, agricultural and horticulture. The industrial section was a separate section of the exhibition. This section featured cotton and cotton products, weaving looms, gins, local and European silk-winding looms, mining oil (petroleum), metal products and pottery.

The 19th century was a time of confrontation between Russia and Great Britain for spheres of influence in Central Asia, where Tsarist Russia was more successful in its expansion. In the interests of the security of its southern borders, the first railway in Central Asia was built, which in 1888 reached Bukhara and Samarkand. Fulfilling primarily strategic functions, the Trans-Caspian Military Railway (as it was previously called), at the same time played a huge role in the further development and economic development of the Turkestan Territory.

Following the bayonets, along the beaten track, enterprising people and businessmen pulled themselves along.

The increased interest of Russian entrepreneurs was clearly demonstrated at the Turkestan Agricultural and Industrial Exhibition held in Tashkent in the summer of 1890. It was significantly different from all similar reviews in the center of tsarist Russia. It was prepared by the military administration for state money and under the personal control of the Governor-General.One of the goals of the exhibition was to promote advanced farming methods. The Turkestan Department of the Russian Horticultural Society, in order to introduce modern methods of fruit processing, presented the newest American fruit dryer of the Reeder system No. 2, sent free of charge by the Ministry of State Property from St. Petersburg.

In the silkworm pavilion, they demonstrated the scientific method of reproduction of silkworm eggs (grens) with the help of special devices and accessories. "

So, from 1888 to 1913, the cotton crop increased:

in the Fergana region - from 37.8 thousand hectares to 304 thousand hectares,
Samarkand region - from 8.7 thousand hectares. up to 34.5 thousand hectares,
Syrdarya region - from 28.2 thousand hectares to 68.3 thousand hectares.
The total area under cotton crops in Central Asia increased from 195 thousand hectares in 1902 to 385 thousand hectares in 1912. In 1913, 684.7 thousand tons were produced here (about 42.8 million poods ) raw cotton.

In general, the gross cotton harvest in Central Asia during 1890-1914 increased almost 7 times. The overwhelming part of this cotton was exported to Russia: in 1902 - 6 million poods (96 thousand tons), in 1912 - 14 million poods (224 thousand tons). The total cost of cotton exported before the war was estimated at 138 million rubles.

“It was extremely important to create a sales market for commercial agricultural products in central Russia, caused by the needs of the same Russian industry. For example, the needs of the textile industry in raw materials led to the rapid and significant development of cotton growing in Turkestan starting from the 80s of the 19th century. No less important in this regard was the appearance in Turkestan of rural and urban industrial establishments for the technical processing of agricultural products sent to Russian markets.

“Turkestan presented an equally interesting picture before the Great War. There you could also observe the remnants of an ancient culture - in numerous monuments of antiquity, in the way of life of the natives, in the ways they cultivated the land, - and the magnificent flowering of a new one, which turned the hungry steppe into a land flowing with milk and honey. In its prime, Turkestan was not inferior to Siberia, and in view of the extraordinary fertility of its land, it had to outstrip it.

In April-May 1914, having cut Turkestan along the line Tashkent - Skobelev - Samarkand - Ashgabat - Krasnovodsk - Kushka - Merv, everywhere I observed the amazing results of the colossal cultural work carried out there lately. Next to the vast expanses of bare, sun-scorched steppe, oases with lush vegetation, like the most luxurious garden artificially irrigated areas increased every year. The most valuable crops were planted in the fields, constantly multiplying: cotton (In the town of Skobelev, the Fergana governor told me that in 1913 one Fergana region sold cotton for 40 million rubles, when there was no cotton produced here before.), Rice; horticulture developed: in 1914 there were
up to 120 grape varieties; apples, pears, plums and cherries of wonderful quality were produced in incredible quantities. Winemaking developed rapidly, promising to bring to the market a huge number of new dessert wines of very high quality. Sericulture and beekeeping grew, etc. "(Memoirs of the last protopresbyter of the Russian army and navy.)

“Now, with the opening of the railway from Samarkand to Andijan, the life of Russians in Turkestan will be even better and more comfortable furnished. The industry is developing rapidly, and the Fergana region is connected more closely with the heart of Russia. At the present time, horticulture and winemaking has already reached tremendous development in the Fergana region; there are many winemakers supplying Ferghana residents with lovely clean grape wine from 70 varieties of grapes.

Sericulture is also growing in size every year, the mortality of the silkworm has almost disappeared.... The significant development of silkworm breeding was facilitated by the arrangement of ditching stations and the permission of the Governor-General to bring foreign grains. Much credit in this matter belongs to Mr. Aloizi, who opened a free silk school in Kokand; in 1894. Only in one year of the existence of the grena of the city of Aloisi, 74,096 poods of cocoons were collected during the season.

A gratifying picture is presented by the sericulture school of the city of Aloizi in Kokand. A huge two-storey house (a rarity in Turkestan), set aside for a school, was built at the own expense of the city of Aloizi. In large rooms, lined with tables, at microscopes, bearded sart students sit in skullcaps and dressing gowns, diligently examining the green hair through microscopes. Pictures on the walls depicting an enlarged view of silkworm disease. There is also Mr. Aloisi himself, explaining and lecturing to his students, or observing the work of "microscopists". These students receive a salary from Mr. Aloisi; at the end of the course, they receive from him a microscope and a grenade and are released for sericulture. In this way, Mr. Aloisi makes experienced silkworm breeders out of his apprentice workers, and thus, of course, he strengthens silkworm breeding itself in the region, without receiving any benefits from the treasury.

The most prominent place of the extractive industry in Fergana is undoubtedly taken by cotton growing.
All the fields of Fergana, on which slender ears of barley and wheat used to sway, are now sown with cotton.
Every native who only has a piece of land sows cotton on it and, having collected it, is lucky to sell it, thus providing himself for the whole winter.
(This is how, generously distributing gingerbread, the nomads turned into settled diligent farmers, it became unprofitable to roam, and agriculture was well paid.)
He does not even think about bread, he eats rice, of which a lot is sown in the region. However, such a cotton company could not help responding negatively to other products: the price of bread rose, meat went up to 4 kopecks. per pound (the price is very high) and even had to subscribe bread from European Russia. Again, all these complications stemmed from the absence of a railroad, with the construction of which the whole picture would completely change. The land will be more and more populated by Russians, now still mistrustful of Turkestan and imagining this part of Russia full of untold riches as something terrible. "

All-Russian Art and Industrial Exhibition in Nizhny Novgorod. 1896.

1896 The grand opening of the largest pre-revolutionary XVI All-Russian industrial and art exhibition in Nizhny Novgorod.

Siberia and Central Asia. There are several departments at the Nizhny Novgorod exhibition, which are separated from the general harmonious classification and are independent exhibitions. This is the department of our outskirts, and all three of these outskirts are dedicated to separate buildings at the Nizhny Novgorod exhibition.

Showcases of cotton growers are located in the same room. The entire showcase of the partnership of the Yaroslavl large manufactory, decorated with cotton bushes, contains a very complete collection of American cotton varieties grown in Central Asia; there are also photographs illustrating the production of cotton, and cotton bales in full size. Cotton bales were also displayed by the "Caucasus and Mercury" society, which owns the only steam press in the region. The collection of Slutsky from Samarkand is also interesting, introducing the visitor to all forms of cotton utilization: seeds, fiber, oil, armenians, yarn, fabrics, etc.

Another wealth of the region is silk, exhibited by several exhibitors. There are several showcases that instill confidence that this wealthy industry can expect a brilliant future: one has only to look at the exhibits of the training stations, which are engaged in the revival of the best local breeds and the education of exemplary foreign breeds, sending the received green for free to the population. Private persons are also working in this direction; some of them also have showcases at the All-Russian Exhibition.

In addition, there are a number of winemaking exhibitors at the show; their wine in most cases is quite good, but young, which is explained by the limitedness of the cellar economy - a consequence of the lack of capital.From the industrial point of view, the most interesting is the cotton growing that has recently developed to a significant size in the region. At present, Central Asia sends to Russia up to three and a half million poods of cotton, of which 1,200,000 poods are sent to only one Fergana region.

In general, our Central Asian possessions already supply almost a quarter of all the cotton that Russia needs. Of course, this is already a brilliant result, especially in view of the relatively insignificant costs and efforts of the government and individuals that are applied to this matter. Therefore, there is an opinion that if we occupied all the land suitable for this in the Asian regions of Russia and the Caucasus for cotton cultivation, then we could produce much more cotton than we consume, which would not save us, however, from the need to get cotton Egyptian or American, since our Central Asian cotton is inferior in quality to foreign varieties.

Directly opposite the main entrance is an elegant showcase of the Imperially approved partnership for trade in Central Asia and Persia, which bought 30,000 poods of the best cotton in Fergana this year.Right next to it there are expositions of the partnership of the former Yaroslavl Manufactory, at the factory of which they first began to work on Central Asian cotton.

It was only about 15 years ago - this business developed so quickly. The partnership has its own cotton plantations in the region (about 400 dess.), Where mainly American varieties are cultivated. However, the main focus of the partnership is not on expanding its own plantations, but on distributing the best American and Egyptian cotton seeds among the population and, in general, on promoting the expansion of cotton culture in the region. This direction of activity of Russian firms has developed because the cotton crop should be ranked among the small, so-called horticultural crops that require little land and a lot of labor and trouble. In addition, cotton requires predominantly female and child labor. All this makes the fact that in Central Asia there are no and probably never will be large plantations, while cotton is produced by small landowners - Sarts with their families; Russian industrialists give out free seeds and then keep gins and presses for cleaning and packing cotton. There are models of gins and presses at the exhibition, and one model of a gin even demonstrates the manual method of cleaning cotton. What a large role the cotton crop plays in the economy of the region can be seen, by the way, from the fact that in the Fergana region up to 1½ poods of pure cotton are produced for each inhabitant.

Society "Caucasus and Mercury" exhibits pressing of cotton, delivered to Russia mainly on the ships of this transport society. This is followed by the showcases of Slutsky and Minder, exhibiting different varieties of cotton, partly purchased, partly from their own plantations, sealing materials, etc. Recently, Mexican cotton seeds have been very successful in the region,

the yield of which reaches 13 ½ pounds of cotton from a pood.

Sericulture should also be recognized as an important branch of local productivity. Already at present, raw and dyed silk is exported from the region in the amount of about 100,000 rubles. in year. In this branch of industry only about 10 years ago, When the silkworm breeding that existed in the province from ancient times began to decline greatly due to the Grena disease, the government paid special attention and tried to implant Japanese, Baghdad and Italian cocoons in silkworm breeders, which contributed to the revival of this industry. It is interesting that along with the government and in the same direction, albeit for commercial purposes, the same task is pursued by the private company of the Italian Aloisi in Kokand, which is distributing so-called microscopic greenery with great success in the region. The firm has set up its own cleaning station, where Sart students are trained in special microscopy.

«On August 30, 1890, the Turkestan Exhibition of Agriculture and Industry was opened - this is the anniversary of the twenty-fifth anniversary of Russian rule in Central Asia.

Turkestan Exhibition in Tashkent: Main entrance of the exhibition

Over these 25 years, much has changed in the region: the local industry has expanded and developed, which was greatly facilitated by Russian influence. Show how the productivity of our outskirts has increased and the exhibition is aimed at.

Turkestan Exhibition in Tashkent: General view of the main square from the handicraft department.

The pavilion of the Big Yaroslavl Manufactory with cotton collections, American and Sart gins and a showcase of all kinds of paper fabrics ...
… Silk samples, grens, microscopic slides, silkworm anatomy drawings and advanced cocoon unwinding machines.

Turkestan Exhibition in Tashkent: Fire Fruit Drying House of the Horticultural Society.

.. Orchestras of Sart music and Russian military orchestras are thundering, celebrating the 25th anniversary of the victory of Russian arms in the heart of Asia.

World Paris Exhibition 1900.

“Let's enter this pavilion.The first hall of the Siberian Palace is reserved for an exhibition of Central Asian objects (see p. 664), which are mainly of ethnographic interest. The entire back wall of the hall is occupied by a panorama representing the bazaar in the city of Samarkand. There are also precious Bukhara carpets. To the right is a Bukhara showcase, where valuable embroideries are mixed with colorful shawls and shiny women's costumes. There are also caskets filled with precious stones of original filigree work and lie Turkestan silk fabrics, not inferior in their finish and softness to the famous products of Lyon. "

Thus, the sources found confirm that Russia began to colonize its southern outskirts in 1850-60. , after the Great planetary catastrophe and climate change on its territory towards a cooling. There used to be one state in the entire planet and a single financial system based on the Mexican silver dollar. Therefore, seeds of various crops of various varieties were brought to Turkestan, irrigated, planted, and equipped this inhospitable desert land with a sultry climate.

Generously paying for the work of the farmer, they managed to saddle the wild tribes of nomads, for whom it became extremely profitable to engage in cotton growing, silkworm breeding, viticulture, which made up a significant part of the economy of the Turkestan General Government. 120 varieties of grapes were grown, of 70 varieties, wines were produced that were not inferior in quality to European ones. A silkworm was grown and silk fabrics of remarkable beauty were woven from it, the quality of which was not inferior to the works of the Lyons masters.
They cultivated American, Egyptian and Mexican cotton, supplying half of all of Russia.

Before the Russians came to Turkestan in 1850-60, there was a burned-out desert with a nomadic population.

In just 50 years, Turkestan has turned into a fabulous luxury oasis with developed industry and agriculture. All this was a direct merit of Russia, since Turkestan was built for the Russians. The 20th century came, in 1913 the US Federal Reserve was formed, the bankers took everything into their own hands, and the Jewish Soviet power came to Turkestan, showed up for everything ready and began to erase all traces of the Russian presence and squeeze the Russians out of the territory of Turkestan in order to attribute all the merits to themselves ...
We rewrote history. According to the new history, it turns out that the local population was given all the benefits of the power of the Bolsheviks and Communists, and pre-revolutionary Turkestan was poor, undeveloped, and the local population
was subjected to the most severe exploitation. But how then to explain the phenomenon of the success of goods from Turkestan at exhibitions in Nizhny Novgorod and Paris? This means that technologies and equipment were at the level of world standards of that time. Moreover, the equipment operated on fuel-free energy, so in 50 years the Russians turned Turkestan into a paradise.

Turkestan is a Russian land, because even according to the rules of Sharia
the land belongs to the one who irrigated it, and the Russians did it. Read on the topic:The sugar industry of the Russian Empire and the sunken Atlantis.

Sericulture - breeding silkworms to obtain silk. The most widely used silkworm (Bombyx mori). According to Confucian texts, silk production using the silkworm began around the 27th century BC. e., although archaeological research allows us to talk about the Yangshao period (5000 BC). In the first half of the 1st century A.D. NS. Sericulture came to ancient Khotan, and at the end of the 3rd century it came to India. It was later introduced in Europe, the Mediterranean and other Asian countries. Sericulture has become important in a number of countries such as China, Republic of Korea, Japan, India, Brazil, Russia, Italy and France. Today, China and India are the two main producers of silk, accounting for about 60% of the world's annual production.

The data in this article is as of the end of the 19th century. You can help, updating information in the article.

History

The oldest silkworm cocoon was found in a Neolithic settlement in the northern province of Shanxi (c. 2200-1700 BC), and the first fragments of silk fabric in one of the tombs of South China (China), during the Warring States (475-221 BC) . BC.). The ancient Chinese highly prized silk for its strength, softness, and luster; most of the fabrics produced were used to tailor clothes for wealthy people. Silk was woven in several ways, so both heavy and very light fabrics were made from it. Jackets were often decorated with rich embroidery with fantastic motifs. Silk production technology is very simple and at the same time infinitely complex. The silkworm larva lives on mulberry leaves. In the first thirty days of her life, when she is in the process of turning into a caterpillar, she eats an amount of leaves twenty times her own weight. Therefore, for the cultivation of silkworms, the Chinese created large plantations of mulberries, which gave them the necessary leaves. Thousands of silkworms were raised on special trays. When the cocoon formation came to an end, the caterpillar's life cycle was artificially interrupted. The butterflies were killed with hot steam. Cocoons were poured with boiling water to clean them of sericin (sticky substance): after that, the fibers were unwound to obtain a more or less fine thread: from six to seven fibers for the thinnest to twenty-five for the coarser. About 500 meters of thread were obtained from one cocoon. The ready-made skeins of yarn were sent to special workshops, where they were dyed, and then fed to the crochet for weaving. To weave one square meter of fabric, a thread was needed, unwound from three thousand five hundred cocoons. Since then, silk production technology has been constantly improved, and this production has become one of the main branches of the Chinese economy for many hundreds of years. Since the II century A.D. silk became the main commodity carried by Chinese merchants to distant countries. It was highly valued in East Turkestan and Central Asia, India and Parthia, Rome and Egyptian Alexandria. And in Rome in the first centuries of our era, there was even a special market for the sale of silk. Already in the most ancient monuments of the Sanskrit language, silk is spoken of. Mukerya believes that the silk industry arose independently among the Chinese, Hindus and Semites, and that the European peoples received the first information about silk from the Mongols. Sericulture began to develop relatively late in Europe. So, silk goods began to be imported into Europe from the II century. After another 4 centuries, that is, under the Emperor Justinian, when two missionary monks brought a small amount of grins to Constantinople, silkworms were first bred and fed with the leaves of the black mulberry, which was already available then in Europe. Actually, the beginning of the development of sericulture as an industry in Europe was laid only in the 8th century by the Arabs. Much silk was produced in Sicily in the twelfth century; in the 13th century, industrial sericulture existed in Italy, but only in the 16th and 17th centuries did Italian sericulture make huge strides. In France, it was only since the time of Henry IV that silkworm production acquired state significance. In Russia, the first attempts to plant silkworm breeding were under Mikhail Feodorovich; under Alexei Mikhailovich, mulberries were planted near Moscow (the village of Izmailovka). Peter the Great not only forbade the destruction of existing plantations (in Astrakhan and Akhtuba), but also planted new ones (in Kiev and Constantinograd), and in the Caucasus, along the Terek, lands were distributed for mulberry cultivation. Under Catherine II, thanks to the arrangement of state plantations and the encouragement of the distribution of land and cash benefits, the beginning of the Crimean silkworm breeding was laid. Under Paul I, state-owned plantations were distributed to the peasants for use, state-owned silk-winding plants were set up, special monetary awards were established for successes in the field of silkworm breeding, and special government inspectors for silkworm breeding were appointed.However, despite the above measures, the development of silkworm breeding in Russia proceeded weakly: persistent diseases of the silkworm greatly delayed this development.

Technology

The main food for the silkworm is mulberry leaves. The mulberry tree, or mulberry, belongs to the genus Morus, family Moraceae; of all species of the genus Morus, there are up to 10, but of them only Morus nigra, Morus alba and Morus rubra are important for sericulture.

Black mulberry (M. nigra, fig. 1) has thick, wide, cordate, equilateral, dark green, short petiolate leaves at the base and large, black-violet, short-stalked fruits.

(Table. SILK PRODUCTION). FIG. one.

Male inflorescences are thick, cylindrical; women - short, oval; stigma covered with abundant hairs. It is bred in southern Europe, Asia Minor, on the southern coast of Crimea, in the Caucasus, Turkestan and Persia. The height of the tree is up to three fathoms or more.

White mulberry (M. alba, Fig. 2) has thinner and light green leaves, mostly ovoid, very often spatulate, with a variable number of lobes (Fig. 3), long-petiolate, their edges are serrated; long-stemmed fruits are white, red or purple.

(Table. SILK PRODUCTION). FIG. 3.

Hetton believes that in addition to the common silkworm or silkworm (Bombyx mori), five more species should be distinguished, which gave rise to various domestic breeds: 1) B. textor, 2) B. sinensis, B. croesi, B. fortunatus and B. arracanensis ; these species are characterized by small, more or less soft, pointed cocoons at the ends. The homeland of all these types of Getton recognizes China; Mukeryi believes that the real homeland of B. mori is the Himalayas and that all 5 species indicated by Getton are climatic varieties of the common ancestor, B. mori. There is no doubt that modern silkworm breeds (B. mori) were obtained by silk breeders through careful selection. The importance of selection in Switzerland can be seen at least from the following example: in 1888 Coutagne took up selection in order to increase the productivity of the yellow French breed of worms, and at the beginning of the experiments the cocoons gave an average of 14.2% silk, and by 1893 the percentage this one rose to 16.3. Silkworm breeds fall into the following groups: 1) Japanese, 2) Chinese and Korean, 3) Indian and Indo-Chinese, 4) Central Asian, 5) Persian, 6) transcaucasian, 7) Asia Minor and Balkan and 8) European. There are very few well established rocks, and most of them require further study. The breeds differ in the characteristics of a gren, a worm, a cocoon, and a butterfly; so, the grenade is large, small, glued by a butterfly or not. Worms differ in appearance, size, color, number of molts (3 or 4) and in the number of harvests (with one or many). Finally, the cocoons differ in size, shape, color, graininess, and amount of silk (see Fig. 7).

(Table. SILK PRODUCTION). FIG. 7. Cocoon of the Chinese breed Che-Kiang. Cocoon of the Japanese breed. Cocoon of European breed. Cocoon of the Chinese Shan Tung breed.

Japanese breeds: a) giving one harvest per year, with 4 molts; life span 34 days; white worms with a speckled pattern, with or without eyes; small cocoons of white and green color, usually with interception. The butterfly is white, the eggs are glued; b) common Japanese breed with white or green cocoons; worms are white with brown specks; give 2 crops per year (bivoltine); life expectancy is 28-30 days. These breeds are very hardy; they are preferred in damp areas where more hardy breeds are needed.

Chinese breeds bring one or two crops a year; give small and medium-sized cocoons, oval or pointed, white, blange, sometimes green, the color of worms is very diverse; butterflies are usually white (Korean - variegated); Grena is glued; life expectancy is 30 days. These breeds are very gentle. The rest of the Asian breeds are partly degenerating, and partly replaced by European ones and are generally of less interest.

European breeds have cocoons of medium and large size, regular shape, with interception; blange or white; worms are white, sometimes dark and zebra-like in color; molts 4; Grena is glued; butterflies are white. Cocoons produce a lot of silk and, moreover, of good quality.These breeds are divided into the following groups: a) Austrian, b) Italian, c) French and d) Spanish. In the foreground are French and Italian breeds; of the varieties, the first is the best Sevenian and Pyrenean, and more hardy - Varskaya; from italian the best silk delivers bion variety and then briozza. A lot of mixed breeds are bred for industrial purposes. Japanese, French, Italian, Khorasan and Bukhara breeds are bred in Russia.

Development of the worm. The silkworm (Figs. 5 and 6) emerges from testicles or grensclothed in a very dense and thick shell.

(Table. SILK PRODUCTION). FIG. 5. Life-sized 5th instar worm; numbers indicate segments;

G - head,

NS - silk,

NS - real and

NS' - false legs,

s - spiracles or stigma,

p - horn,

mountains - hump.

(Table. SILK PRODUCTION). FIG. 6. Worms of various ages in natural size. one

b - the worm on the last day of the first age; 2

but and 2

b , 3

but and 3

b , 4

but and 4

b - worms on the first and last days of the 2nd, 3rd and 4th instars; five

but - the worm on the first day of the 5th age.

At this time, it is very small, dark brown in color and covered with long hairs, which makes it seem shaggy. With good food, the worms grow quickly and by the end of 4 days of life they become light brown, while the chest is light gray. In its larval life, the worm 4 times falls asleep and sheds, that is, it sheds the skin; the period of time between every two molts is called age worm. The first sleep occurs on the 5th day of the worm's life and lasts approximately 24 hours. During sleep, the old skin of the worm from the head is partly shifted forward. Just before molting, the worm changes its position, goes down, makes weak convulsive movements with the whole body, stretches out and, having made a significant effort, makes the old, tight skin burst. Breaking it always and at all ages falls on the same place, namely right now behind the head. As soon as the skin bursts, the worm quickly crawls out of it and discards the skin remaining on the head. After that, the worm sits motionless for a long time (rests), and then is taken for food. After the first sleep, the worm enters the second age; he eats for 3 days and then falls asleep for a day, after which he sheds again; at the third age, he eats for 5 days and sleeps for a few more days; at the fourth age, eats for 5 days and sleeps for 1½ days; at the fifth age, the worm stays for 8-12 days; then he stops eating (at the same time, it decreases somewhat in growth, since excrement continues to be excreted) and, finally, having almost completely emptied its intestinal canal, it becomes translucent; such a worm is called mature. Climbing on the cocoons and choosing a suitable place for himself, he proceeds to curling the cocoon. Releasing a continuous silky thread from the papilla of the lower lip, the worm strengthens it on the cocoons, arranging for itself, as it were, forests, inside which its cocoon will be suspended. After that, the worm proceeds to curling the cocoon, which is made in 3-4 days, depending on the temperature in the worm duct. Having released the entire supply of silk, the worm calms down and falls into a state of numbness (falls asleep). After some time, the worm molts in a cocoon, this time on a pupa; after 15-18 days a butterfly emerges from the pupa, which secretes a caustic liquid from the mouth, corroding the end of the cocoon facing the head. Upon leaving their cocoons, males immediately begin mating with females.

Grena has an oval (elliptical) shape, flattened from the sides, slightly thicker at one pole; soon after its deposition, one depression appears on both flattened sides. At the thinner pole there is a rather significant depression, in the middle of which there is a tubercle, and in the center of it there is a hole - micropyledesigned for the passage of the seed thread. The size of the grène is about 1 mm long and 0.5 mm wide, but it varies considerably depending on the breed.In general, European, Asian Minor, Central Asian and Persian breeds give a larger green than Chinese and Japanese. The weight of 1000 pieces of grenas ranges from 0.8432 to 0.4460 grams; the most severe grin in the breed Cypriot (with yellow cocoons), and the lightest in the Japanese green bivoltine. Grena is dressed in a thick, dense, almost transparent shell, which on the flattened sides is permeated with the finest tubules through which air flows to the yolk. According to Verson's analyzes, the shell consists of 12.5% ​​water, 86.5% organic matter, 0.1% water-soluble ash, and 0.9% water-insoluble ash. The internal contents of the grena consists of a cell with one nucleus and is dressed with a vitelline membrane (chorion) lying above the shell. The inside of the cell is filled with yolk balls, small in its surface layer and large in the inner part. Live chena breathes, that is, it absorbs oxygen in the air and releases carbon dioxide, and this process occurs most strongly before hatching of the worm and on the 2nd day after the deposition of the chena, it is weakest in January and generally in winter. As it stands, the grena loses weight, and in the first month after laying it decreases by 2% of its weight, in the next 7 months - by 1% and in the month of revival - by 9%; in total, the loss reaches - 13%. To store the grena during the fall and until the beginning of winter, the temperature should be gradually increased from + 20% C to +2 and + 3 ° C, at which the gren also hibernates; in spring, by the time of revival, the temperature should gradually rise to + 15 ° C. Grena freely withstands the winter temperature of the southern zone of the temperate climate and the short-term effect of temperatures lowered even to -26 ° C; only at -30 ° C frost does the grena die. When exposed to a temperature of -10 ° C, 5% of the grains (European breeds) die within 7 days, while within 49 days - 20%. But the effect of elevated temperature is also harmful for Gren; at + 30 ° C. within 90 days without interruption, all the gena dies. The result of feeding the worms usually depends on the quality of the grenade. A badly wintered grin, or even just not washed in time, can never be considered reliable. The worms that emerged from a bad seed either die at the beginning, or at the end of feeding. In a small household, it is not profitable to cook toena at home and it is better to subscribe it from persons and institutions that are specially engaged in its preparation. Grena should be purchased cellular, that is, obtained by correct breeding selection with the use of microscopic examination, from persons and institutions that are quite worthy of trust. If such a grin is more expensive than an ordinary one, then the expense for it pays off with an abundance of the quantity and quality of the cocoons obtained. The prescribed greenhouse must be tested, for which a winter trial brood and feeding of worms are made from it. For a trial winter feeding, it is enough to get 25-50 worms. Feeding can be done in an ordinary room, and the worms are placed near a kerosene lamp with a strong burner so that the temperature near it is kept at 18-20 ° R. Feeding can be started as soon as the roots of the scorpion plant planted in pots or boxes germinate. In the course of feeding, you need to ensure that there is no tobacco smoke in the room where the worms are. Grena winter discharge, not allowing it to warm up in the room, must be immediately taken out into the cold upon receipt or hung between the window frames so that the frame with the grenade does not touch either the outer or the inner glass. A thermometer should be hung near the Grena to monitor the temperature; windows should be chosen facing north to avoid exposure to sunlight. By keeping the outer window more or less ajar, it is convenient to regulate the temperature between the frames. The grens begin to revive when the buds begin to unfold on the mulberry; in Transcaucasia it happens at the end of March, in the south of Russia - at the end of April. Late revival of the grena should be avoided.To revitalize, the gren from the boxes is poured onto sheets of paper with curved edges and placed in a room at 10 ° R. and then the temperature rises daily by 1 °, so that by the time of hatching, the temperature reaches + 18 ° C. for Japanese breeds and + 19 ° C. for European. To protect the young worms from the ants, the grenade is placed in a small cabinet (Fig. 8) covered with muslin, the legs of which are in saucers filled with water; a thermometer and a hygrometer are placed at the cabinet.

(Table. SILK PRODUCTION). FIG. nine.

but - outer wall,

b - inner wall,

in - wire supports for frames with grains,

G and

d - openings for air access,

e - the place where the lamp is heated,

f - exhaust pipe,

s - a frame with grains.

The revitalization period of Grena lasts from 7 to 12 days. If the onset of cold weather retards the development of the mulberry leaf, then the room temperature is left for several days without increasing, but it should not be lowered. 2-3 days before the hatching of the worms, the grena takes on a brown-black color, and within a day it becomes light gray-ash. If the air is dry, the floor of the room where the grena revives is sprayed with water or cups of water are placed. On the eve of the release of the worms, in the evening, cover the grenade with rare tulle, and on top, to lure the hatched worms, place a crushed leaf of scorzonera or mulberry. Hatching of worms, lasting for 2-4 days, occurs normally in the morning before 12 noon and additionally in the evening, between 11 and 12 am. The worms collected each time are transferred on a tulle to a feeding rack. On the first day, a few worms usually hatch, on the second and third - most of them, and on the fourth - the rest. The outlets of each day are collected and fed separately; at the same time, both development and molting in worms of the same exit occur evenly and at the same time.

In areas with developed Sh. Are settled groiners establishments whose task is to get grenas for sale. The main merit of the grener comes down to the ability to select cocoons for the tribe. Tribal cocoons are selected not only in shape, but also in color. The presence in the batch of cocoons of a different color or even a different shade indicates an admixture of other rocks, and therefore such cocoons should be removed. In addition, the trainer should keep in mind that there are approximately the same number of males and females in the breeding party. Although there are no precise distinguishing features for such a difference, it is to some extent possible to judge by the cocoons themselves: the cocoons of males are smaller, elongated in shape, with a pronounced interception, more fine-grained and denser; by weight, the male cocoon is much lighter than the female cocoon. Cocoons ugly, underdeveloped, satiny should not be allowed on the tribe. The release of butterflies from their cocoons usually occurs on the 15-18th day after the start of the curling of the cocoons. On their way out, the males look for females and connect with them. Such coupled couples must be secluded now; they are put in bags (each pair separately), which are then tightened with a thread. The bags are made of cheap, heavily starched muslin and are at least 2 vershoks wide and 2 vershoks deep. The most favorable temperature for dredging is considered to be 18–20 ° P. During the first days, the sacs are examined, and those of them in which one or both butterflies died earlier than 5 days are thrown out of the batch, since the moths from them are considered weak. After the butterflies are carried out and die, they begin their microscopic examination. The main purpose of this operation is to determine whether or not these producers are infected with corpuscles. pebrines - the disease is very dangerous and inherited. If the butterflies are infected, the grena is destroyed. For research, a couple of butterflies are taken, placed in a mortar with a small amount of water and ground into a liquid gruel; a drop of such gruel is examined under a microscope; at a magnification of 400-500 times, the pebrin bodies are perfectly visible and represent small, very shiny, oval bodies (Fig. 10).

Due to the inconvenience of preserving the grenade in bags, it is washed. The best time for washing is considered the moment when the autumn development of the grena has already stopped, and its wintering has not yet begun. The washed and dried grenade is taken out into the cold for preservation.

For successful breeding of worms, the following are mainly necessary: ​​good-quality food in sufficient quantities, clean air of normal dryness, temperature from +17 to + 18 ° R., sufficient area, careful removal of waste and residues. Worms are fed in a shed, room, or in a special wormhole. The size of the latter is calculated at 20-30 cubic meters. arshin for each spool gren. The wormhole should be sufficiently well lit and ventilated and have a ceiling if the roof is iron or tiled. In it, the worms are located on whatnots, and the most convenient are those equipped with movable frames (Fig. 11).

Frame sizes from 21/2 to 3 arshins and 1-11 / 2 arshins in width; the distance between the frames is 12-16 vershoks; the height of the shelf is up to 3 yards.

Before feeding, the wormhole is washed, cleaned, the walls and ceiling are whitewashed, and sulfophenolic acid (1%) is added to the lime and, finally, all the premises and objects are disinfected with chlorine or sulfur. When the worms hatch, they are brought into the worm duct and placed on shelves, and the frames are preliminarily covered with paper, which protects them from contamination. Worms of various breeds and ages are located on separate shelves, or at least on separate frames. At the first age, the worms are given a finely chopped leaf; in the second, the cut is slightly larger; in the third - even larger; in the fourth - a whole sheet; in the fifth - a whole leaf and young shoots. The worms should be given as much of the leaf that they can eat until it wilts, that is, give the leaf in small portions, but feed it more often; the number of feedings per day should be:

At the first age	10	10
In the second age	7	8
In the third age	7	8
At the fourth age	7	10
At the fifth age	9	18

The sheet is poured evenly over the frame; worms that begin to molt are not given leaves at all, but after molting, feed should be started only when they can eat. The leaf fed to the worms should take the temperature of the worm duct. To feed worms from 1 spool, the Grena in the first age needs 11/2 pounds of leaf, in the second - 31/2 pounds, in the third 341/2 pounds, in the fourth - 56 pounds and in the fifth 300 pounds (part with shoots). All food debris that accumulates during the day must be removed. For this purpose they serve pullers (Fig. 12), that is, sheets of paper with rows of holes of different diameters for each age of the worms.

(Table. SILK PRODUCTION). FIG. 12.

Early in the morning, a stripper is applied to the worms, on top of which a leaf is poured for bait; The worms pass through the holes within 11/2 hours to the puller, which is then lifted by one worker from the frame, while another worker removes the old puller with flooring from the frame, after which the puller with the worms is lowered back onto the frame. As the worms grow, they need to separate more space, that is, to cut the worms. For this, the worms are removed not by one, but by two or three pullers. Worms from one spool occupy 1/2 at the first age, 11/2 at the second age, 3 at the third, 7 at the fourth, and 12 square meters at the fifth. arshin of the area of ​​the shelf. The normal temperature during feeding is considered to be + 17-18 ° R. and is maintained with the help of fireplaces. Regarding the cutting of the sheet, let us note that it is carried out in large silkworms with the help of a special machine — a sheet cutter (Fig. 13); in small farms, the leaf is crumbled with a simple sharp knife.

If the temperature in the worm duct during feeding is kept constantly within the range of 18-20 °, then usually on the 32nd day from the beginning of feeding the worms receive food for the last time and begin to climb the cocoons; on the 33rd day, the last worms creep up there. Sills settle on the same shelves where the worms were fed; but in some places they are also arranged completely separate from the aft shelves. The purpose of the cocoon is to provide a place convenient for curling the cocoon, in which the worm would find as many points of attachment as possible for the silk threads going to the base of the cocoon.Suitable material for this are the twigs of various trees, as well as branching woody grasses: gorse, heather, chernobylnik, tumbleweed, etc. Coillus can not be made from plants that have a strong odor, such as wormwood, fresh birch branches and others. Bunches of branches are tied at the base and placed in an upright position on a shelf, with the lower ends of the bundles resting on their shelf, and their tops on the upper shelf (Fig. 14).

(Table. SILK PRODUCTION). FIG. fourteen.

Artificial cocoons are made from blocks to which bamboo curls are tied in China, and from shavings in Western Europe (Fig. 15); Davril's cocoon (or ladder) is also very practical.

(Table. SILK PRODUCTION). FIG. fifteen.

The installation of cocoons is started as soon as the worms detect the approach of the curling time, which is noticed by the fact that the worms suddenly stop eating and remain in a calm state, becoming more and more transparent. Untimely installation of cocoons and their density cause the curling of irregular cocoons, twins, etc., which results in a significant loss of cocoons. The temperature during curling should not be lower than that at which the feeding was carried out; it is even better if it is 1-2 ° higher, especially if during feeding the temperature did not exceed 18 ° P. otherwise, the pupa in the cocoons could be damaged. In view of this, it is best to pre-cut one of the latest cocoons and examine the pupa; if it is whitish and the skin is soft, then you need to wait 1-2 days. Tribal cocoons remain even longer, namely, they are removed no earlier than 10-11 days after curling. Cocoons going to unwind silk should be are overwhelmed. The removed cocoons are pre-cleaned from flakes (silk, easily torn from the cocoon by hand), are sorted and usually soaked with steam. When sorting, cocoons are divided into 4 grades: 1) the best, perfectly strong cocoons, which do not crumple when they are lightly squeezed with two fingers; 2) soft cocoons, easily crumpled; 3) double and ugly; 4) rusty and stained. There are a number of special devices for freezing worms, but in small farms for this purpose they use an ordinary boiler, into which half of the water is poured, and when the water boils, then 3 sieves are placed on the boiler, of which there are sawdust in the lower one, and loose in the two upper ones. cocoons lie in a layer. All this is covered with an overturned tub, which has a small hole at the bottom for excess steam to escape. Within 15 minutes, the cocoons are frozen, which is controlled by an egg placed in the upper sieve; if the egg is boiled hard, then the cocoons are considered frozen. After this, the sieves are removed from the boiler and the cocoons are allowed to cool slowly; then they are laid out on shelves for complete drying, after which they are poured loosely into wicker baskets or, even better, stored on the shelves in a layer of no more than 3 vershoks. A different number of cocoons are obtained from the grena spool, depending on the breed; thus, with a successful conclusion, the yield of the French and Italian breeds reaches 20-28 pounds, for the Baghdad - 22-30 pounds, for the Japanese and Chinese 14-20 pounds. If the feeding went wrong or the worms were exposed to diseases, then the yield drops to 50% or even to 100%. The normal number of rejects (excluding twins) should not exceed 1-2%; twins for European breeds are allowed up to 5%, and for Japanese - up to 20%.

Of the silkworm diseases, the most formidable is pebrina; in the 1950s and 1960s, this disease almost led to the complete destruction of Sh. in Western Europe and Russia. In the past, Switzerland also suffered greatly from it. France and Italy. This disease is parasitic, expressed in the fact that a huge amount of the parasite itself appears in the organs of the worm, or the so-called Taurus pebrines (see).Such bodies have an oval shape (almost elliptical) and represent a perfectly smooth surface (Fig. 10). They strongly refract light, shine strongly under a microscope and have a very significant specific gravity. Their dimensions are up to 4½ in length and up to 2 micromillimeters in width. Mature bodies are very resistant to both acids and alkalis. Of the chemical reagents, chlorine has the strongest effect, which in a few minutes kills the pebrin bodies. The harm caused by this parasite comes down to the destruction of all organs in which it multiplies, and then, probably, to the gradual poisoning of the blood by secretions of bodies. This disease is widespread and very contagious; its main signs are as follows: uneven and very prolonged emergence of worms; high mortality at the beginning of the first age of worms; unevenness in the onset of the first sleep, which increases with each age; yellowish skin of the worm, black spots on the body and thorn of the worm and on the wings of butterflies; sluggish deposition of grena, in which many yellow (unfertilized) testicles remain. The disease can be prevented in the following ways: 1) the use of cellulary grains, which does not contain pebrin microorganisms; 2) careful adherence to the rules of feeding; 3) prevention of its transfer from infected worms; 4) production, in order to avoid infection in areas with a strong distribution of pebrin, early feeding.

Flatch witness (see) or deadness is also a very dangerous disease and is now considered even more dangerous than pebrin, against which there are already valid remedies. This disease, appearing suddenly, sometimes acts so quickly that it can destroy all the worms of a given economy in a few days; appearing often after the fourth sleep and even during the curling of cocoons (Fig. 16), it immediately destroys all the labor and costs of the silkworm breeder.

(Table. SILK PRODUCTION). FIG. 16. Worms affected by flatchedetz:

k - completely ready-made cocoons,

k ′ - just started cocoon, 1 and 2 - dead worms that have not yet changed their body color, 3 - dead worm, starting to turn black, 4 - dead blackened worm (¼ of natural size).

Even if the affected worm managed to curl a cocoon, then it dies in it, quickly decays, and the black liquid flowing out of it spoils the cocoon, making it stained. The signs of this disease are as follows: the worm begins to eat poorly, becomes lethargic, diarrhea opens, sometimes fluid flows out of the mouth, the body becomes flabby and the worm gradually dies and turns black and soft while still alive. The conditions contributing to the appearance of this disease are: 1) poor preservation of the grena in winter, 2) the cramped room of worms, 3) bad air and a rare change of litter, 4) intense heat during feeding, 5) starvation of the worms or feeding them with a damp, soaked leaf. Under a microscope, vibrios (rod-shaped), fast-moving bodies (Fig. 17) and micrococci (very small spherical bodies, sometimes connected by chains) (Fig. 18) are observed in worms, pupae and butterflies. At the initial period of the disease, it can be stopped by increased ventilation, cleaning the worm duct, changing the litter and removing sick worms, and in general by carefully observing all the rules for feeding the worm.

Muscardine or fossilization is a disease caused, as Crivelli and Bassi proved in the 1930s, by a parasitic fungus (Botrytis Bassiana, fig. 19). All agents that kill the spores of this fungus should be considered drastic measures to combat this disease. Spores of the fungus Botrytis are spherical bodies 0.002-0.003 mm in diameter (Fig. 20).

The spores floating in the air sit on the food and get with it into the intestinal canal of the worm, where they germinate and develop into mycelium (mycelium); after a week, all the tissues of the worm are overwhelmed with mycelium, which releases spore carriers through the skin of the worm. Germinated spore-bearers, together with the spores themselves, form a white bloom on the corpses of worms (as if sprinkled with chalk).The symptoms of this disease are as follows: at the onset of the disease, the worms turn pinkish, stop eating, assume a molting position and die. Dead worms shrink and harden so much that they even break. From the means of struggle are used: removal of sick worms, change of the stripper, bedding; whitewashing the walls and ceiling or flushing it with hot liquor, along with fumigating the room with sulfur.

Jaundice or obesity It is not considered dangerous and usually occurs in worms of the 5th instar. The worms stop eating, swell, the skin on them stretches and begins to shine; worms of white and green breeds take on a milky color, and yellow ones - yellow. Finally, the skin bursts, a liquid containing small crystals flows out of the worm (Fig. 21), stains the food and bedding, and quickly decays. Hexagonal crystals and fat droplets are found under the microscope. All sick worms should be thrown out before they burst.

Stuntedness it is similar to a flatchidet and is characterized by the fact that the worms stop eating, acquire an earthy color, wrinkle and die; the corpse does not take on a black color, as in the case of a flat-witness, but micrococci are found under a microscope in worms, pupae and butterflies.

Enemies of the silkworm. Cats destroy both worms and butterflies. Mice and rats eat worms and wintering grenadine. Birds, both domestic and wild, as well the bats destroy worms and butterflies. Ants severely harm the worms of the first instars, which are carried away to anthills. Some species even gnaw through cocoons. Skin beetles start up during drilling; these are small, gray beetles with black stripes on the back, covered with white hairs on the abdomen; its larvae eat grenadine, butterflies and pupae, gnawing cocoons. It is necessary to destroy both the beetle and its larva.

Literature

• Sericulture // Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary: in 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - SPb., 1890-1907.
• "Ancient Chinese" - Ranok Publishing House, 2004
• K. R. Diseases of the silkworm // Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary: in 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - SPb., 1890-1907.
• "Secrets of the Silk Road" - Moscow, "Veche", 2002 N. Kh. Akhmetshin.

Notes (edit)

1. ↑ Patricia Buckley Ebrey. 2005. China: A Cultural, Social and Political History... Wadsworth Publishing. Page 7. ISBN 0618133879.
2. ↑ Hill, John E. 2003. “Annotated Translation of the Chapter on the Western Regions according to the Hou hanshu. " 2nd Draft Edition. Appendix A.

The history of the business is much more true than the fake fabrications of paid official historians.
Planetary climate change occurred in 1850-60. This can be clearly seen in how Russia had to urgently move far to the south, through the sultry deserts, in order to develop and irrigate the lands of Turkistan dried up by the hot sun and civilize the local nomadic population. Russia colonized Turkestan in 1850-60 with the aim of growing agricultural crops there, which could no longer grow on its territory, as it was before the climate change towards a cold snap, and those crops whose supplies decreased due to the American Civil War. For 20-25 years, Russia has achieved outstanding success in the agriculture of Turkestan and began to produce goods there, which were noted at domestic and international exhibitions. Turkestan was a Russian colony, rebuilt and comfortable in the best European traditions, it was a flourishing outskirts. If it were not for the October coup and the seizure of Turkestan by the Jewish Red Army, it could well have been smarter and richer than Europe. In fact, when the Jewish Soviet government began to dominate Turkestan in the 1920s, it came to everything ready, after colossal hard work had been done to build the industrial, transport and agricultural infrastructure of this vast region. Before the climate change in Russia, there was no cotton growing, no silkworm breeding, no winemaking at the industrial level in Turkestan, all these technologies were brought from Russia.

Winemaking.

Before the annexation of Central Asia (formerly Turkestan) to Russia, there was no industrial winemaking there. In 1866-1883, thanks to the efforts of Russian entrepreneurs ... large grape plantations of industrial importance were established in the region.In 10-15 years, the demand for grapes and grape wine has increased markedly.By 1914, Turkestanis began to produce grape wine themselves at home, the productivity reached 40,000 buckets.

In 1867, I. I. Pervushin, a merchant of the first guild, built a distillery in Tashkent. Subsequently, he began to combine alcohol smoking with winemaking, and achieved success in the production of grape wines. The wines produced by Pervushin were supplied not only to the domestic but also to the foreign market.

In 1868, a merchant from central Russia named Dmitry Filatov founded a small wine-making enterprise in Samarkand. At first it was small, but approximately
4 years later, at the world wine competitions in Paris and Antwerp, the so-called "Filatov's Samarkand grape wine" was awarded gold and silver medals. This success gave impetus to the further development of winemaking in the region, and soon the wine made in Samarkand began to flow to the Imperial Court of the Russian Empire. In 1904, a school of gardening, viticulture and winemaking was opened in Samarkand, the only one in the entire Turkestan region "(Winemaking in Uzbekistan-Wikipedia)

Cotton growing.

In Russia, cotton did not grow, the country received raw cotton by import. Before the Crimean War of 1853-56, the United States was the main supplier of cotton fiber, but in 1854 the supply of American cotton decreased, and the industry switched to processing cotton fiber from Central Asia (Turkestan). In connection with the outbreak of the Civil War in 1863, the supply of cotton almost ceased, there was a cotton famine. The rise in prices for cotton fiber stimulated the development of the cotton industry in Turkestan.

It should also be noted that since the 90s, the development of cotton growing has been carried out by reducing the areas of other agricultural crops (especially cereals) on the irrigated lands of the valley.
Beginning in 1885, the cultivation of American cotton began to spread more and more. For example, if in 1892. In the region, American cotton was sown only on 72,588 dessiatines of land, then in 1915 - on 336,525 dessiatines, and in total cotton occupied 43.3% of the irrigated land of the region. An important condition for the development of cotton growing was the construction of the Central Asian railway, which provided and greatly reduced the cost of transportation of goods and contributed to the strengthening of commodity exchange.

Before the colonization of Turkestan by Russia, silkworm breeding there was at the most primitive level.

On Shelkovichnaya Street, later the right side of which was renamed into Herman Lopatin Street, the first translator of K. Marx's "Capital" into Russian, the school of sericulture was founded already in 1872 and existed for 11 years, until 1883, when it was closed as unnecessary. The fact is that General von Kaufmann also invited Bukharian Jews from the Bukhara Emirate, who were engaged in the production of silk fabrics and their dyeing.

The next exhibition, held in March 1878, already had the status of "industrial and agricultural" and included several sections: geographical, zoological, botanical, mineral-geological, agricultural and horticulture. The industrial section was a separate section of the exhibition. This section featured cotton and cotton products, weaving looms, gins, local and European silk-winding looms, mining oil (petroleum), metal products and pottery.

The 19th century was a time of confrontation between Russia and Great Britain for spheres of influence in Central Asia, where Tsarist Russia was more successful in its expansion. In the interests of the security of its southern borders, the first railway in Central Asia was built, which in 1888 reached Bukhara and Samarkand. Fulfilling primarily strategic functions, the Trans-Caspian Military Railway (as it was previously called), at the same time played a huge role in the further development and economic development of the Turkestan Territory.

Following the bayonets, along the beaten track, enterprising people and businessmen pulled themselves along.

The increased interest of Russian entrepreneurs was clearly demonstrated at the Turkestan Agricultural and Industrial Exhibition held in Tashkent in the summer of 1890. It was significantly different from all similar reviews in the center of tsarist Russia. It was prepared by the military administration for state money and under the personal control of the Governor-General.One of the goals of the exhibition was to promote advanced farming methods. The Turkestan Department of the Russian Horticultural Society, in order to introduce modern methods of fruit processing, presented the newest American fruit dryer of the Reeder system No. 2, sent free of charge by the Ministry of State Property from St. Petersburg.

In the silkworm pavilion, they demonstrated the scientific method of reproduction of silkworm eggs (grens) with the help of special devices and accessories. "

So, from 1888 to 1913, the cotton crop increased:

in the Fergana region - from 37.8 thousand hectares to 304 thousand hectares,
Samarkand region - from 8.7 thousand hectares. up to 34.5 thousand hectares,
Syrdarya region - from 28.2 thousand hectares to 68.3 thousand hectares.
The total area under cotton crops in Central Asia increased from 195 thousand hectares in 1902 to 385 thousand hectares in 1912. In 1913, 684.7 thousand tons were produced here (about 42.8 million poods ) raw cotton.

In general, the gross cotton harvest in Central Asia during 1890-1914 increased almost 7 times. The overwhelming part of this cotton was exported to Russia: in 1902 - 6 million poods (96 thousand tons), in 1912 - 14 million poods (224 thousand tons). The total cost of cotton exported before the war was estimated at 138 million rubles.

“It was extremely important to create a sales market for commercial agricultural products in central Russia, caused by the needs of the same Russian industry. For example, the needs of the textile industry in raw materials led to the rapid and significant development of cotton growing in Turkestan starting from the 80s of the 19th century. No less important in this regard was the appearance in Turkestan of rural and urban industrial establishments for the technical processing of agricultural products sent to Russian markets.

“Turkestan presented an equally interesting picture before the Great War. There you could also observe the remnants of an ancient culture - in numerous monuments of antiquity, in the way of life of the natives, in the ways they cultivated the land, - and the magnificent flowering of a new one, which turned the hungry steppe into a land flowing with milk and honey. In its prime, Turkestan was not inferior to Siberia, and in view of the extraordinary fertility of its land, it had to outstrip it.

In April-May 1914, having cut Turkestan along the line Tashkent - Skobelev - Samarkand - Ashgabat - Krasnovodsk - Kushka - Merv, everywhere I observed the amazing results of the colossal cultural work carried out there lately. Next to the vast expanses of bare, sun-scorched steppe, oases with lush vegetation, like the most luxurious garden artificially irrigated areas increased every year. The most valuable crops were planted in the fields, constantly multiplying: cotton (In the town of Skobelev, the Fergana governor told me that in 1913 one Fergana region sold cotton for 40 million rubles, when there was no cotton produced here before.), Rice; horticulture developed: in 1914 there were
up to 120 grape varieties; apples, pears, plums and cherries of wonderful quality were produced in incredible quantities. Winemaking developed rapidly, promising to bring to the market a huge number of new dessert wines of very high quality. Sericulture and beekeeping grew, etc. "(Memoirs of the last protopresbyter of the Russian army and navy.)

“Now, with the opening of the railway from Samarkand to Andijan, the life of Russians in Turkestan will be even better and more comfortable furnished. The industry is developing rapidly, and the Fergana region is connected more closely with the heart of Russia. At the present time, horticulture and winemaking has already reached tremendous development in the Fergana region; there are many winemakers supplying Ferghana residents with lovely clean grape wine from 70 varieties of grapes.

Sericulture is also growing in size every year, the mortality of the silkworm has almost disappeared.... The significant development of silkworm breeding was facilitated by the arrangement of ditching stations and the permission of the Governor-General to bring foreign grains. Much credit in this matter belongs to Mr. Aloizi, who opened a free silk school in Kokand; in 1894. Only in one year of the existence of the grena of the city of Aloisi, 74,096 poods of cocoons were collected during the season.

A gratifying picture is presented by the sericulture school of the city of Aloizi in Kokand. A huge two-storey house (a rarity in Turkestan), set aside for a school, was built at the expense of the city of Aloizi. In large rooms, lined with tables, at microscopes, bearded sart students sit in skullcaps and dressing gowns, diligently examining the green hair through microscopes. Pictures on the walls depicting an enlarged view of silkworm disease. There is also Mr. Aloisi himself, explaining and lecturing to his students, or observing the work of "microscopists". These students receive a salary from Mr. Aloisi; at the end of the training course, they receive a microscope and a grenade from him as a gift and are released to engage in silkworm breeding. In this way, Mr. Aloisi makes experienced silkworm breeders out of his apprentice workers, and thus, of course, he strengthens the silkworm breeding itself in the region, without receiving any benefits from the treasury.

The most prominent place of the extractive industry in Fergana is undoubtedly taken by cotton growing.
All the fields of Fergana, on which slender ears of barley and wheat used to sway, are now sown with cotton.
Every native who only has a piece of land sows cotton on it and, having collected it, is lucky to sell it, thus providing himself for the whole winter.
(This is how, generously distributing gingerbread, the nomads turned into settled diligent farmers, it became unprofitable to roam, and agriculture was well paid.)
He does not even think about bread, he eats rice, of which a lot is sown in the region. However, such a cotton company could not help responding negatively to other products: the price of bread rose, meat went up to 4 kopecks. per pound (the price is very high) and even had to subscribe bread from European Russia. Again, all these complications stemmed from the absence of a railroad, with the construction of which the whole picture would completely change. The land will be more and more populated by Russians, now still mistrustful of Turkestan and imagining this part of Russia, full of untold riches, as something terrible. "

All-Russian Art and Industrial Exhibition in Nizhny Novgorod. 1896.

1896 The grand opening of the largest pre-revolutionary XVI All-Russian industrial and art exhibition in Nizhny Novgorod.

Siberia and Central Asia. There are several departments at the Nizhny Novgorod exhibition, which are separated from the general harmonious classification and are independent exhibitions. This is the department of our outskirts, and all three of these outskirts are dedicated to separate buildings at the Nizhny Novgorod exhibition.

Showcases of cotton growers are located in the same room. The entire showcase of the partnership of the Yaroslavl large manufactory, decorated with cotton bushes, contains a very complete collection of American cotton varieties grown in Central Asia; there are also photographs illustrating the production of cotton, and cotton bales in full size. Cotton bales were also displayed by the "Caucasus and Mercury" society, which owns the only steam press in the region. The collection of Slutsky from Samarkand is also interesting, introducing the visitor to all forms of cotton utilization: seeds, fiber, oil, armenians, yarn, fabrics, etc.

Another wealth of the region is silk, exhibited by several exhibitors. There are several showcases that instill confidence that this wealthy industry can expect a bright future: one has only to look at the exhibits of the training stations that are engaged in the revival of the best local breeds and the education of exemplary foreign breeds, sending the received green for free to the population. Individuals are also working in this direction; some of them also have showcases at the All-Russian Exhibition.

In addition, there are a number of winemaking exhibitors at the show; their wine in most cases is quite good, but young, which is explained by the limitedness of the cellar economy - a consequence of the lack of capital.From the industrial point of view, the most interesting is the cotton growing that has recently developed to a significant size in the region. At present, Central Asia sends to Russia up to three and a half million poods of cotton, of which 1,200,000 poods are sent to only one Fergana region.

In general, our Central Asian possessions already supply almost a quarter of all the cotton that Russia needs. Of course, this is already a brilliant result, especially in view of the relatively insignificant costs and efforts of the government and individuals that are applied to this matter. Therefore, there is an opinion that if we occupied all the land suitable for this in the Asian regions of Russia and the Caucasus for cotton cultivation, then we could produce much more cotton than we consume, which would not save us, however, from the need to get cotton Egyptian or American, since our Central Asian cotton is inferior in quality to foreign varieties.

Directly opposite the main entrance is an elegant showcase of the Imperially approved partnership for trade in Central Asia and Persia, which bought 30,000 poods of the best cotton in Fergana this year. Right next to it there are expositions of the partnership of the former Yaroslavl Manufactory, at the factory of which they first began to work on Central Asian cotton.

It was only about 15 years ago - this business developed so quickly. The partnership has its own cotton plantations in the region (about 400 dess.), Where mainly American varieties are cultivated. However, the main focus of the partnership is not on expanding its own plantations, but on distributing the best American and Egyptian cotton seeds among the population and, in general, on promoting the expansion of cotton culture in the region. This direction of activity of Russian firms has developed because the cotton crop should be ranked among the small, so-called horticultural crops that require little land and a lot of labor and trouble. In addition, cotton requires predominantly female and child labor. All this makes the fact that in Central Asia there are no and probably never will be large plantations, while cotton is produced by small landowners - Sarts with their families; Russian industrialists give out seeds free of charge, and then keep gins and presses for cleaning and packing cotton. There are models of gins and presses in the exhibition, and one model of a gin even demonstrates the manual method of cleaning cotton. What a large role the cotton crop plays in the economy of the region can be seen, by the way, from the fact that in the Fergana region up to 1½ poods of pure cotton are produced for each inhabitant.

Society "Caucasus and Mercury" exhibits pressing of cotton, delivered to Russia mainly on the ships of this transport society. This is followed by the showcases of Slutsky and Minder, exhibiting different varieties of cotton, partly purchased, partly from their own plantations, sealing materials, etc. Recently, Mexican cotton seeds have been very successful in the region,

the yield of which reaches 13 ½ pounds of cotton from a pood.

Sericulture should also be recognized as an important branch of local productivity. Already at present, raw and dyed silk is exported from the region in the amount of about 100,000 rubles. in year. In this branch of industry only about 10 years ago, When the silkworm breeding that existed in the province from ancient times began to decline greatly due to the Grena disease, the government paid special attention and tried to implant Japanese, Baghdad and Italian cocoons in silkworm breeders, which contributed to the revival of this industry.It is interesting that along with the government and in the same direction, albeit for commercial purposes, the same task is pursued by the private company of the Italian Aloisi in Kokand, which is distributing so-called microscopic greenery with great success in the region. The firm has set up its own cleaning station, where Sart students are trained in special microscopy.

«On August 30, 1890, the Turkestan Exhibition of Agriculture and Industry was opened - this is the anniversary of the twenty-fifth anniversary of Russian rule in Central Asia.

Turkestan Exhibition in Tashkent: Main entrance of the exhibition

Over these 25 years, much has changed in the region: the local industry has expanded and developed, which was greatly facilitated by Russian influence. Show how the productivity of our outskirts has increased and the exhibition is aimed at.

Turkestan Exhibition in Tashkent: General view of the main square from the handicraft department.

The pavilion of the Big Yaroslavl Manufactory with cotton collections, American and Sart gins and a showcase of all kinds of paper fabrics ...
… Silk samples, grens, microscopic specimens, silkworm anatomy drawings and advanced cocoon unwinding machines.

Turkestan Exhibition in Tashkent: Fire Fruit Drying Plant of the Horticultural Society.

.. Orchestras of Sart music and Russian military orchestras are thundering, celebrating the 25th anniversary of the victory of Russian arms in the heart of Asia.

World Paris Exhibition 1900.

“Let's enter this pavilion. The first hall of the Siberian Palace is reserved for an exhibition of Central Asian objects (see p. 664), which are mainly of ethnographic interest. The entire back wall of the hall is occupied by a panorama representing the bazaar in the city of Samarkand. There are also precious Bukhara carpets. To the right is a Bukhara showcase, where valuable embroideries are mixed with colorful shawls and shiny women's costumes. There are also caskets filled with precious stones of original filigree work and lie Turkestan silk fabrics, not inferior in their finish and softness to the famous products of Lyon. "

Thus, the sources found confirm that Russia began to colonize its southern outskirts in 1850-60. , after the Great Planetary Catastrophe and climate change on its territory towards a cooling. There used to be one state in the entire planet and a single financial system based on the Mexican silver dollar. Therefore, seeds of various crops of various varieties were brought to Turkestan, irrigated, planted, and equipped this inhospitable desert land with a sultry climate.

Generously paying for the work of the farmer, they managed to saddle the wild tribes of nomads, for whom it became extremely profitable to engage in cotton growing, silkworm breeding, viticulture, which made up a significant part of the economy of the Turkestan General Government. 120 varieties of grapes were grown, of 70 varieties, wines were produced that were not inferior in quality to European ones. A silkworm was grown and silk fabrics of remarkable beauty were woven from it, the quality of which was not inferior to the works of the Lyons masters.
They cultivated American, Egyptian and Mexican cotton, supplying half of all of Russia.

Before the Russians came to Turkestan in 1850-60, there was a burned-out desert with a nomadic population.

In just 50 years, Turkestan has turned into a fabulous luxury oasis with developed industry and agriculture. All this was a direct merit of Russia, since Turkestan was built for the Russians. The 20th century came, in 1913 the US Federal Reserve was formed, the bankers took everything into their own hands, and the Jewish Soviet power came to Turkestan, showed up for everything ready and began to erase all traces of the Russian presence and squeeze the Russians out of the territory of Turkestan in order to attribute all the merits to themselves ...
We rewrote history. According to the new history, it turns out that the local population was given all the benefits of the power of the Bolsheviks and Communists, and pre-revolutionary Turkestan was poor, undeveloped, and the local population
was subjected to the most severe exploitation. But how then to explain the phenomenon of the success of goods from Turkestan at exhibitions in Nizhny Novgorod and Paris? This means that the technologies and equipment were at the level of world standards of that time. Moreover, the equipment worked on fuel-free energy, so in 50 years the Russians turned Turkestan into a paradise.

Turkestan is a Russian land, because even according to the rules of Sharia
the land belongs to the one who irrigated it, and the Russians did it. Read on the topic:The sugar industry of the Russian Empire and the sunken Atlantis.