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For the vast majority of people, peanuts are a familiar product. But not everyone knows how peanuts grow. In our country, this thermophilic plant is grown by only a small number of enthusiasts. The world leader in the collection of peanuts today is China.
Peanuts are very often referred to as nuts, but in fact they are legumes. This annual plant is very fond of warmth and moisture. The main difference between peanuts and other crops in this family is the shape of the flower and the way the fruit is formed.
What peanuts look like
The peanut bush is not very tall, it has several stems. People who are interested in where and how peanuts grow are somewhat disappointed when they first see this seemingly nondescript plant. The size, shape and color of the leaves may vary slightly depending on the variety. Peanuts bloom with yellow flowers that hide in the depths of the bush.
The process of formation and development of fruits deserves the greatest attention. It begins immediately after pollination, at which time the peduncle begins to lengthen rapidly and tilt towards the ground. Seed formation begins after the pollinated flower has gone 8-10 cm deep into the ground.
A picture will help you more clearly understand how peanuts grow. There are quite a few of them on the Internet. During the entire period of fruit ripening, the plant needs constant hilling. This provides an increase in yield. With proper care, you can get from 50 to 100 beans from one bush.
Where do peanuts grow?
The number of regions where peanuts grow is increasing every year. On an industrial scale, groundnuts are still grown in Central Asia, the Caucasus, China and the southern United States. But amateur gardeners today get good harvests in more northern regions.
Where is the birthplace of peanuts
Travelers from China brought peanuts to the territory of Russia. For a very long time, the local population called it the Chinese nut. But South America is considered the birthplace of this plant of the legume family. This was confirmed by research by scientists, as well as archaeological finds. Brazilian sailors brought peanuts to Africa, and only after that it became widespread in Europe, the USA and China.
Today, the homeland of peanuts is not the leader in its production. But here everyone also actively uses peanuts for a variety of purposes. The main area of application of peanuts is cooking, but they also produce oil, which is used for a variety of purposes.
Where are peanuts grown in Russia
To understand where peanuts grow in Russia, just look at the map of the country. The most suitable for growing this crop will be the fields of the Krasnodar Territory. But in other regions where the summers are quite hot and warm, peanuts can also be grown. It is unlikely that it will be possible to get a large harvest in central Russia, but it is still possible to grow peanuts there.
How to grow peanuts yourself
If you want to grow a peanut in your summer cottage, then you need to buy seeds and learn about how peanuts grow at home in relation to your climatic region.
Before planting, peanut seeds are soaked for germination. If the summer is hot in your area, but not too long, then you can grow seedlings in advance.And with the onset of warm days, transplant peanuts into open ground.
This plant is not too whimsical, but in order to obtain a large harvest, it is necessary to provide it with the following conditions:
- When planting peanut kernels, it is necessary to form small grooves, and leave enough soil between the rows for future hilling.
- Watering should be regular, peanuts are a plant that loves loose and moist soil. But you don't need to fill it too much either. After the end of the growing season, stop watering the plants.
- During flowering and fruit formation, it is advisable to introduce top dressing.
Harvesting begins in late summer or early autumn. The bush is dug up and left to dry. Nuts should dry right on the stem, during which time they will take from the plant all the most valuable and nutritious. You can put the beans for storage in three days.
Peanuts are very useful, in order to preserve these properties, it is necessary to provide the correct storage conditions for the harvested crop. Excessive humidity can cause the beans to become moldy. In this case, the peanuts become unfit for human consumption.
Growing peanuts: Video
Peanuts are peanuts, a thermophilic plant native to South America, introduced to Europe since the Spanish conquest. This article will not only talk about peanuts, but also give an idea of how to cultivate it - growing peanuts in the garden in the open field and at home.
Brief description of the culture
By scientific definition, this crop belongs to the legume family of the peanut genus. The correct answer to the question of whether a peanut is a nut or a bean would be the second option, although in everyday life people consider it a nut. In fact, peanuts are the seeds of a herbaceous plant. It has become widespread in the world due to its nutritional properties and the presence of many beneficial substances in the composition.
Where do peanuts grow?
It is believed that peanuts came to Europe from South America, from where they were exported by Spanish and Portuguese sailors. The Portuguese also brought it to Africa, where this culture took root well, then it came to Europe and later to North America (southern states).
Peanuts are a thermophilic plant, their growth requires a daytime temperature of at least +20 degrees Celsius, and a nighttime temperature of at least +15, it cannot be called a moisture-loving crop - it requires watering only during flowering.
As for the composition of the soil, peanuts grow best on loose and light sandy, loamy or sandy loam soils.
Similar favorable conditions on the territory of the former USSR and modern Russia are provided in the southern regions, the republics of Transcaucasia and Central Asia. In recent years, gardeners have accumulated positive experience in attempts to grow peanuts in their country house (in central Russia, in open or protected ground), as well as in attempts to grow peanuts in pots at home.
How peanuts grow
The crop is grown from seed, the growing season from sowing to harvest is 120 to 160 days. After germination of seeds, the aerial part of the plant is formed, which is a branching bush 50 - 70 cm high. How peanuts grow can be seen in the photo.
The main feature of the peanut is the fact that peanuts bloom at the end of June, just one day, during which the flowers must be pollinated to form ovaries. Once they have formed, the stalk is lowered underground to form seeds (peanut fruit).
1 - a fertilized ovary, 2 - a stalk that has gone deep into the ground.
Planting peanuts during the growing season is practically not affected by either pests or diseases, which makes it a very attractive crop for growing on an industrial scale.
The yellowed leaves and shoots of the plant testify to the onset of the harvest. This is usually mid to late September.
The bushes must be dug out with care, shaken off the remains of the soil, turned over and dried in the open air. Modern farmers use special agricultural machines for this, the process is fully automated.
Growing in a personal plot
It is possible to grow peanuts in the open ground in Russia, and not only in the southern latitudes, but also in the Moscow region, and even in Siberia. In this case, growing by seedlings and protecting plants with a covering material is suitable.
Seedlings are sown in late March - early April immediately in separate containers, from which they will then be transplanted into the ground. Peanut seeds must first be peeled and soaked before pecking roots up to 1.5 cm long (usually 3-4 days, sometimes longer, it all depends on the quality of the seed). For this, the seeds are wrapped in several layers of constantly moistened gauze and kept in a warm place.
The seeds that have hatched must be buried a few centimeters into the ground, but not deeper. 4. Care consists in timely watering (when the soil surface in a pot dries out). After the threat of return frosts has passed and the soil temperature is not lower than +15 degrees, it is possible to plant peanuts in the ground.
For culture, you need to choose a warm, sunny place where the sun shines all day, darkening is unacceptable. This plant does not like strong winds. Saplings are planted on ridges with row spacing of 0.5 - 0.6 m and maintaining a distance of 15 - 20 cm between plants.
At first, you may need additional protection in the form of a covering material or film, because at a temperature of +15 degrees, the peanut stops growing.
Caring for peanuts is easy enough and the main activities are loosening and feeding. It is important not to miss the moment of flowering peanuts, the subsequent formation of ovaries and lowering them underground. After that, it is necessary to carry out the hilling of the beds, in the same way as the hilling of potatoes. This is necessary for the full growth and nutrition of fruits underground.
It is not difficult to observe the watering regime - it is produced only during the flowering of the peanut. The rest of the time - only in case of persistent drought. The collection of peanuts should be carried out in warm, dry weather, so that it is possible to dry the fruits on bushes dug out of the ground for 10 days. Further, the fruits are separated from the tops and stored. You need to store peanuts in dry, ventilated rooms, with a humidity not exceeding 65%.
Thus, we can conclude that mass cultivation of such a crop as peanuts and their cultivation in the middle lane is not an impossible task.
In the southern regions of Russia, you can plant peanuts directly in the ground with seeds., the climate allows the culture to go through the entire development cycle - from germination to harvest. First, the seeds must be soaked and germinated. Sowing is carried out directly into the ground, embedding them to a depth of 7 cm. In the first days after sowing and before strong shoots appear, the crops should be sheltered from birds that willingly peck seeds from the ground. The rest of the care is similar to the seedling method of growing.
Growing a peanut at home
This culture can even grow at home, in a pot on a windowsill. Peanuts and their cultivation at home is one of the favorite topics of flower growers who prefer exotic plants on the windowsill. There are several basic requirements for a good harvest at home.
- Use of a spacious planting tank of sufficient depth and diameter (at least 30 - 40 cm in diameter and the same depth).
- The land should be structured, loose, always with the addition of sand.
- Only pre-germinated seeds are sown into the pot.
- Watering should be balanced, the substrate should not be overmoistened, as well as its complete drying.
- Compliance with the temperature regime - not lower than +15 and not higher than +30 degrees Celsius.
- Periodic top dressing with complex fertilizer, no more than 1 time per month.
- During the hot period, the peanut bush needs to be sprayed with water twice a day, morning and evening.
- Constant monitoring for the appearance of pests. When grown indoors, plantings can be attacked by flower pests.
- Under the stalks with ovaries, which will be located too high above the surface of the soil, it is necessary to substitute additional containers with earth to deepen them, otherwise the ovaries will die.
Subject to these simple rules, each bush is capable of producing from 40 to 100 peanut fruits.
Peanuts are a legume that is exotic for Russia, but, as it turns out, it can be grown even in regions of critical farming, such as central Russia and Siberia. You can plant peanuts in the garden by first growing seedlings. Those who like to grow exotic plants at home on the windowsill also have their own way - to grow a peanut bush in an ordinary flower pot and get their own harvest of these tasty and healthy "nuts".
How to increase productivity in the country
The harvest can be bad for a variety of reasons that
do not depend on the gardener:
- weather;
- depleted soil;
- poor quality seeds;
- lack of plant nutrition.
Despite these factors, you can still get an excellent harvest even under these conditions! Our readers successfully use a method that helps
increase productivity on your site several times!
…
Do you like to gnaw nuts? It doesn't matter with beer, soda, or just like that, but nuts: hazelnuts, cashews, almonds, pistachios, are sold literally in tons every day. And the most popular among both young people and the older population is peanuts. Fried, salted, as part of a fruit mixture - as the analysis of sales shows, this nut is most consumed in Russia, among others. Of course, the fact of such a demand could not escape my attention, and therefore our today's topic is the cultivation of peanuts.
Where do you think peanuts are grown? If we open Wikipedia - the source of "folk wisdom", it will tell us that peanuts (also called peanuts) grows mainly in the southern latitudes of America and Africa, in the southern regions of European countries - France, Italy, Spain, and even Ukraine but in no way in Russia.
Business brief analysis: Costs of organizing a business: 200,000 - 2,000,000 rubles Relevant for cities with a population: for rural areas Situation in the industry: how the agricultural industry is poorly developed Complexity of organizing a business: 3/5 Payback: 2-3 seasons
But! Apparently, the compilers of the article did not take into account the character of the Russian people, who, if they want, they will definitely do, get it, grow up. And as a result of short experiments peanuts are successfully grown and cultivated not only in the Kuban and Stavropol Territory, but also in suburban areas near Moscow... However, since we are interested in this topic from the side of business, we can give dozens of examples of growing peanuts at home and on an industrial scale, and in other regions of our country. Although, in fairness, it should be noted that this business idea is still optimal for entrepreneurs living in the south.
No specific knowledge in this area is required, and in order to start implementing the idea of growing peanuts at home, it will be enough to "arm" with the knowledge obtained from this article. By the way, it is not at all necessary to devote all your free time to this occupation, growing peanuts may well be an “applied” source of income to your main income.
We start by registering a business
It should be noted right away that if the area of your household farm is less than 1 hectare of land, then you will not need registration - this will be considered a personal subsidiary farm.In a situation where the area of a land plot is more than a hectare, and peanuts are grown and sold in large volumes, it is necessary to formally formalize your business, otherwise problems with the tax office cannot be avoided.
There are 3 options here:
- Registration of a peasant farm (KFH)
- Registration of individual entrepreneurs
- LLC registration
There is practically no difference between the first two types of entrepreneurial activity, in both cases businessmen are individuals and can use the same taxation systems (you can learn about taxation regimes here). The only difference is that a peasant farm can be an association of several citizens (both families and completely unrelated to each other, except for a business), although a farm is issued for one person.
Land plot
Of course, it is assumed that if you paid attention to this business idea, then you already own the land resources. But there may be another situation: the idea "captured" you, and you decided to start implementing it from scratch. In this case, the land plot must be either purchased or rented. By the way, against the background of the recent message of the President of the country to the Federal Assembly, in which he proposed to "take away" the land from careless owners and give it to those who are seriously going to engage in agricultural activities, it may be easier to do this. Approximate prices for land, say, in the Krasnodar Territory, now vary from 65 to 75 thousand per hectare. Of course, rent will be much cheaper.
In order to determine the size of the plot, first estimate how much peanuts you can grow based on the amount of start-up capital for starting a business. Decide if you need special equipment or all production processes will be done manually; where will you sell your products, at what price; identify the closest competitors, etc. In general, you will need a detailed business plan for your future business.
Which variety of peanuts to choose for growing
In our country, only one type of peanut is suitable for cultivation - Arachis hypogaea (lat.), Or just a peanut, so called because its seeds, used for food, ripen in the ground. This is an annual plant, belongs to the legume family, its cultivation is practically waste-free - the tops can be used as feed for livestock. This is for the future, if farming interests you so much that you decide to start breeding pigs or cattle (by the way, here you can see an example of a business plan for breeding cattle).
If everything is clear with the type of peanuts - the choice is small, then with the definition of the variety of this plant, you need to carefully study the climatic conditions of your region. Different varieties can differ both in time and method of planting, and in terms of yield. Domestic breeders have bred several varieties that can grow both in the southern part of our country and in its central part. But the most popular varieties are Krasnodarets 13 and 14 (which is why I indicated the cost of land in this region).
How to plant peanuts
Peanuts are planted in warm ground (about 150 C), and the growth period until ripening is on average 150-160 days. Consider this time when choosing a place to do such a business. However, in the Central Federal District, peanuts are successfully grown in greenhouses, as well as green onions for feathers, parsley, asparagus, or garlic.
The composition of the soil for the plant is not as important as the availability of light, water, and heat. Peanuts can even grow on loam or sandy soil. The presence of these factors for cultivation (light, heat, water) can directly affect the yield in the autumn). By the way, peanuts are so unpretentious in cultivation that they can grow freely even in fields that have not been cultivated for a long time, with only one condition that grass has been growing on them for several years.
But the color of the soil, as it turns out, is important for peanuts. The lighter the land on which the peanuts are planted, the better they take root, and the lighter their fruits will be. Light fruits in the markets are valued somewhat more expensive than dark ones, since the oil obtained from light peanuts also has a light color familiar to the eyes of the buyer.
Now, a little about the indicators: from 50 kg (this is not a "standard figure! 20 or 70 kg can be planted, depending on the type of plant) planted peanuts on 1 hectare of land, you can get up to 1.5 tons of harvest. Agree, the figure is pretty impressive. And if you translate everything into money, then the seed material will cost about 50 rubles per 1 kg, and the cost of the crop will be easy to calculate.
Before planting, the seed is slightly germinated in special greenhouses. Peanuts "get along" well next to tomatoes, so they are often planted together. Against the background of the "loss" of the Turkish "flow" of tomatoes, this direction will be especially relevant now, and I will definitely talk about it next time.
Growing risks
As with any business, growing peanuts also has its own risks. For the most part, these are specific diseases inherent in this type of plant, and pests in the form of insects and birds. The first problem is solved with the help of timely processing of the field, they get rid of insects by spraying with pesticides, and birds are scared away either with ultrasonic scarers, or in the "old fashioned" way - stuffed animals.
Required technique
As I said, small plots of land can actually be processed by hand, large areas require the participation of special equipment in the harvesting:
- A multifunctional harvester that performs several operations - turning over plants for drying on the ground, clearing the ground, processing seeds on the go.
- Often an alternative to foreign equipment (usually Chinese) is a conventional tractor with a plow and other attachments.
If, in addition to marketing raw products, you will also produce finished products, for example:
- Roasted peanuts
- Salted peanuts
- Peanuts in various flavors
- Peanut butter, etc.
Then you will definitely need additional equipment - various ovens, frying lines, oil presses (a similar idea for the production of sunflower oil can be read at this link - packing machines. As the experience of many similar enterprises shows, all costs are paid off in 2, maximum 3 seasons, after whereby the business starts to make a net profit.
That's all for today. I wish you success!
Peanuts are a thermophilic herbaceous legume that prefers to be watered in a relatively small amount. Weediness and weather determine the harvest time, which occurs 120-160 days after planting the seeds. When harvesting, the peanut bushes are completely pulled out of the ground and turned over to dry the nut beans before storing them. Currently, peanut harvesting equipment is produced, capable of carrying out the full technological cycle "digging-shaking off-turning".
Latin American, Asian and other varieties are grown in the tropics, subtropics and cooler areas in the Asian, African, Australian, European and American continents on light fertile soils. The total area of the world sown crops of this crop exceeds 16 million hectares, with a gross yield of beans of about 14 million tons with an average yield of about 9 centners per hectare.
On the territory of the former Soviet Union, peanut plantations are located in the Central Asian, Transcaucasian, Ukrainian and South Russian regions. The breeders bred varieties PERZUVAN 46/2, ZAKATALY 294/1, KRASNODARSKY 1708 and others, which can be harvested at 40 c / ha (with irrigation) or 10-16 c / ha (without irrigation). The technology of their cultivation is similar to other row crops with rolling the field after sowing, which is produced by seeds / beans in moist soil with temperatures up to 14-15 ° C.For the processing of the seed, the preparations are used GRANOSAN or TMTD WITH GAMMA ISOMER, and the crops are ground Sulfur, which effectively resists the spider mite. The arrangement of seeds is square-nested (0.7x0.7 m; 7-8 seeds / 4-5 beans) or - wide-row with a depth of 0.06-0.1 m; at the seeding rate: seeds - 50-90 kg / ha, beans - 65-120 kg / ha. Peanut growth is supported mainly by phosphorus and nitrogen fertilizers.
Maintenance activities include inter-row cultivation and weeding in nests / rows with hilling during flowering; up to 8 waterings with regular irrigation; pre-emergence application of herbicide preparations (ATRAZIN, MONURON, 2,4-D and PROMETRIN).
