Where is it better to grow grapes in the Krasnodar Territory

The Krasnodar Territory is considered ideal in terms of climatic conditions for growing grapes. But even so, it is necessary to choose the right variety in order to achieve an excellent harvest.

The history of growing grapes in the Krasnodar Territory

The first mentions of vineyards in the territory where the modern Kuban is now located are equated to the 6th century BC. The Greeks willingly shared the secrets of winemaking and grape cultivation with the Slavs. With the passage of time, the wines of the Krasnodar Territory were also discussed in the capital.

Grapes have been grown in the Kuban for a very long time

In the 15th century, it was decided to support this industry at the state level for further development. Many varieties were imported to the Kuban from France. But the neighborhood with Georgia had a greater influence on the development of winemaking.

During the war with Turkey, vineyards disappeared in the occupied territories. And only after the end of the exhausting wars around the 19th century, viticulture began to revive. Its development was taken under control by D.V. Pilenko (Lieutenant General of the Russian Army). With the help of the Czech agronomist F.I. Heyduk, they laid vineyards, which are still operating in the Krasnodar Territory. By 1970, the Soviet Union was the third largest wine producer.

Video: Kuban farmers opt for grapes

The best grape varieties for cultivation in the south of Russia

The Krasnodar Territory has a rather mild climate. But some grape varieties can still freeze due to little snowy winters. Therefore, they practice covering the grapes with various materials.

Various varieties of grapes are grown in the Krasnodar Territory, including those used in wine production

As a neighbor, who lived in the Kuban for some time, shared, many gardeners choose early and uncovered varieties. But at the same time, many use agrofiber as a shelter. After all, winter there is very unpredictable, although it lasts only 1–1.5 months. The temperature can vary from 15 ° C to -10 ° C. Although there were cases that the frost reached -25 ° C.

Particular attention is paid to the treatment of plants from pests. They develop rapidly in warm and humid environments. Large areas of vineyards can die because of them.

Many varieties of grapes are planted on the plots, selecting the most suitable ones through experiments. My neighbor has three favorite varieties:

• Nastya (or Arcadia). An early and frost-resistant variety. But still it is better to cover it in case of severe frosts. Fruiting very well;
• Rochefort. An early variety with large clusters of grapes;
• Novocherkassk sweet. It produces a good harvest and is resistant to most diseases.

Grape varieties of Krasnodar selection

The best yields can be obtained from varieties adapted to the climate and soil composition.For the Krasnodar Territory, the best choice is the varieties of the Anapa Zonal Experimental Station of Viticulture and Winemaking (AZOSViV). They are distinguished by high yield and quality of berries.

The AZOS produces not only technical varieties for the production of wines, but also canteens, which differ in terms of maturity. At the same time, they are suitable for the soil-climatic zone of the Krasnodar Territory and are immune to most fungal diseases.

As a result of painstaking and long work of AZOS breeders, copyright certificates in 2011 were obtained by varieties:

• Fantasy. "Parents" - varieties Yangi Er and Criulyansky. The vine has large, rounded, light green leaves. The lower part is without pubescence. Flowers are bisexual. The bunch is strong, medium-dense. Weighs about 450-500 g. The berries are large, in the shape of an elongated oval. When ripe, they have a bright pink color. The juicy pulp is under the dense skin and has 1–2 seeds. The taste is harmonious, with a refreshing sourness. The sugar content reaches 180 g / dm3 with an average acidity of 6.5 g / dm3. The variety belongs to the early ones. Resistant to frost down to -20 ° C and gray mold infection. The yield reaches 130-160 kg / ha. Farmers appreciate it for its stable fruiting and transportability.
• Winner. The variety was bred by crossing the Muscat of Hamburg and Nimrang. Leaves in the summer are dark green, large, round, medium-dissected. The flowers are bisexual. The bunch is conical with a wide base. The average weight was about 500 g. The highest weight of one bunch was recorded - 3 kg. The berries are round, large, dark red. The fleshy flesh is found under the dense skin. The winner belongs to the early ripening varieties. Fruiting occurs in the 3-4th year. Average yield - 125 kg / ha. The variety is poorly resistant to frost and does not regenerate well after damage. Medium resistant to pests and diseases. Berries do not differ in transportability, therefore they are mainly used for conservation, fresh and for drying. The taste of the fruit is estimated at 8.8 points.
• Taman. Obtained by crossing the varieties Cardinal and Criulyansky. The leaves are large, drop-shaped. Sparse pubescence of the reverse side. No pollinator required. The bunch is loose, wide conical in shape, average weight - 570 g. Berries are dark red, juicy, oval in shape. Taste score of 9 points. The variety belongs to the very early ripening period. Disease and local pest resistance is good. The yield is about 150 kg / ha.
• Early white. The variety was bred by crossing the Pearls of Saba and the Samarkand hybrid. Flowers are bisexual. The bunches are large, wide conical in shape. Weight varies from 400 to 850 g. Berries are white-yellow, large, oval. The weight of one berry reaches 5-6 g. The skin is thin and elastic, but strong enough. According to the ripening period, they are classified as early table varieties. The yield is 130 kg / ha. The variety is appreciated for its taste (score at tasting 8.9 points) and the appearance of the berries. The disadvantages include low frost resistance.
• Ruby AZOS. No pollinator is required for the variety. It has bisexual flowers. Medium-sized conical clusters. Weight varies from 190 to 240 g. The berries are round, dark blue with firm pulp. Ruby AZOS belongs to mid-season varieties. Disease and frost resistance is average. The variety is appreciated for its taste, the tasting score of which is 9.8 points.

Photo gallery: grapes bred in the Krasnodar Territory

Non-covering varieties

Non-covering varieties are a conditional concept that directly depends on the place of cultivation. If there is little snowfall in winter, then in any case it is better to protect the vine from frost. You can not make a solid shelter, but simply sprinkle with dry leaves or cover with agrofibre.

Of the non-covering varieties for cultivation in the Krasnodar Territory, the following can be distinguished:

• Amur breakthrough. A medium-ripening variety with resistance to frost down to -40 ° C, diseases, rot and insect damage.Wines and juices are made from dark raspberry berries.
• Crystal. Transfer frosts down to -29 ° С. Resistant to mildew and gray rot. The fruits are white or dark green. Used for the production of wine.
• Platovsky. Has a second name - Early Dawn. The variety is very early, capable of withstanding frosts down to -29 ° С. The berries are white in medium size clusters. To increase yields, it is recommended to remove stepchildren and weak branches.
• Amethyst. An early variety that is immune to diseases and can withstand frosts down to -32 ° C. The dark purple berries begin to ripen in late August and September.
• Kay Gray. The variety is early maturing, which can withstand temperatures as low as -42 ° С. The shoots are powerful and vigorous, but the berries are small, with a specific flavor of Isabella. The variety is resistant to mildew, black and gray rot. It is mainly used for the production of dry wines.
• Sharov's riddle. Medium-yielding variety that can withstand frosts down to -34 ° C. The dark blue berries have a strawberry aroma. In the conditions of the Krasnodar Territory, it is recommended to pay attention to protection against oidium.
• Maurice Earley. The frost resistance of the variety is up to -36 ° С. The berries are dark purple in color, closer to black. The crop is harvested in September. For faster ripening of the berries, all the leaves are removed around the vine.
• Valiant. An early variety that can withstand frosts down to -46 ° C. The berries are small, dark blue. Clusters are medium in size and quite dense. Berries are consumed fresh, used to make juice and wine.

Photo gallery: grape varieties grown without shelter

Early varieties

The conditions of the Krasnodar Territory make it possible to plant grapes of different ripening periods. Thanks to this, you can eat fresh berries for 3 months.

Residents of the Kuban recommend having several vines of different ripening periods. It is good if they also differ in color and size of berries, as well as taste. Thus, you can divide the berries according to their purpose. Some will be ideal for fresh consumption, others will make delicious juice, and some can be kept fresh for up to 3 months. This is exactly what the locals do.

The early varieties that are best suited for cultivation in the Krasnodar Territory include:

• Pearls Saba. The berries are ripe at the end of July. After planting, it begins to bear fruit in 2-3 years. Resistant to fungal diseases. The berry flavor is rated 8.1 on a 10-point scale.
• Madeleine Angevin. The berries begin to ripen from the beginning of August. The quantity and quality of the crop depends on the pollinator. The Shasla variety is considered the best. The weight of the bunches is from 120 to 230 g. The taste is estimated at 7.6 points. Recommended for planting in the northern regions of the Krasnodar Territory.
• Shasla white. It begins to ripen in mid-August. Fruiting already in the 2nd year after planting. The bunches reach a weight of about 150 g. The taste is estimated at 7.6 points. The berries are used not only for local consumption, but also for export. They have good keeping quality and transportability.
• Shasla nutmeg. It is found very often among amateur winegrowers in the Krasnodar Territory. Ripening begins in the second half of August. Resistant to fungal diseases. Begins to bear fruit after planting in 2-3 years. The berries are of medium transportability and are mostly used for local consumption. The taste is rated at 8.3 points.
• Chaush. Begins to ripen in the third decade of August. It has unisexual flowers, therefore, the proximity of the pollinator is necessary. The best option is Chasselas. The average weight of a bunch is 410 g (some reach 600 g). It is mainly used for local consumption and production due to poor transportability.
• Hungarian Muscat. Ripening begins at the end of August. Full fruiting occurs 4–5 years after planting. The bunches are small. Their weight varies from 60 to 220 g. The taste is estimated at 8.6 points. It is mainly used for local consumption and the production of juices, which have a mild taste and honey notes in the aroma.It is not recommended to plant in regions with high rainfall. Excess water can cause the berries to crack.

Photo gallery: early grape varieties for the Krasnodar Territory

Late varieties

Late varieties are cultivated mostly in the southern regions of the region. Mild and short winters are desirable for good fruiting. The whole vine can die completely from frost. If ripening takes place at temperatures below 20 ° C, then the berries will be small and tasteless.

Common late varieties grown in the Krasnodar Territory include:

• Donskoy white. Has a ripening period of 150-155 days. Berries are green-yellow in color, large, oval in shape. The flesh is crispy and tastes good. The flowers are female, so a pollinator is essential. The best for this variety are Senso and White or Hamburg Muscat.
• Karaburnu. Large ovoid berries, yellow with a green tint. They have a pleasant sweet and sour taste and crispy flesh. Large clusters have good transportability. The yield is good from year to year, there is no peeling of berries and shedding of flowers. Requires shelter for the winter.
• Moldova. The berries are large (weighing about 55 g), dark purple in color. Under the dense skin is crispy and fleshy flesh. The bunches have an average weight of 400 g. The variety tolerates transportation well and has a high keeping quality up to 180 days. Resistant to mildew and gray rot.
• Nimrang. It is considered one of the best table varieties in the world. Flowers are unisexual. The varieties Black Kishmish, Saperavi, Hungarian Muscat are well suited as pollinators. The berries are oval, large, white-yellow in color with a pinkish tinge. The keeping quality and transportability of the fruits are high. They are mainly used fresh, for making juices and wines, for drying.
• Odessa black. The berries are medium-sized, round, black in color with a purine tinge. The pulp is juicy, with a cherry-thorny aftertaste. The bunches are small, weighing about 200 g. The variety is characterized by increased frost resistance and is able to withstand frosts down to -22 ° С.
• Taifi pink. It belongs to one of the most valuable table varieties. The berries are dark pink, oval in shape. The flesh is firm and crispy. Has a harmonious ratio of sugar and acid. The bunches are large, weighing from 500 to 800 g.

Photo gallery: late ripening grape varieties

Reviews

It is much easier to grow grapes in the Krasnodar Territory in comparison with other regions of Russia. Despite the warm climate, there are some peculiarities here. So, choosing the right variety can significantly increase the yield. It is also necessary to take into account the proximity of some varieties.

It is generally accepted to consider grapes as a plant that grows exclusively in southern countries. This opinion is erroneous and irrelevant today. Thanks to domestic and foreign breeders, the range of varieties is periodically replenished with new developments, adapted to different climatic conditions, information about which is presented below.

Growing grapes in different regions of Russia

The territory of Russia is vast, so the climate in the regions can vary significantly. In many parts of the country, a crop such as grapes is successfully grown. In addition, the vine is unpretentious to the soil, the only exceptions are saline and wetlands. Before planting a seedling, the soil is fertilized with organic matter. It is enough to enrich the soil once a year. When choosing a place, it is worth considering that the life cycle of a plant is approximately 25-30 years, therefore, an indent of 1.5 m should be made from the walls of the fence and buildings. The best planting time is autumn, namely September. But the timing may vary depending on the climatic characteristics of the regions.

Many gardeners are engaged in viticulture, both in the south of Russia and in regions with harsh climatic conditions

In order to consistently remove a good harvest from the vine, you need to choose varieties that are recommended for growing in certain conditions.

Krasnodar region

The climatic conditions of the Krasnodar Territory are considered ideal for grapes, therefore the best varieties are grown on this territory. The ratio of warm days per year, average rainfall and sunlight make a good foundation for stable fruiting in vineyards.

The main grape production is concentrated in the Anapo-Taman zone. The harvested crop is distributed to other industries for processing and markets for fresh consumption. Harvesting time begins from the third decade of July and lasts until mid-October.

In the Krasnodar Territory, grapes are grown both in an open way and using a shelter.

It is impossible to list all the varieties grown on the territory of the Krasnodar Territory, since the vineyards are constantly replenished with new developments of breeders. The following types of culture are considered the most popular:

Madeleine Angevin

Madeleine Angevin grape

A vigorous plant of early ripening. Harvesting begins in mid-August. Productivity depends on the quality of pollination, the best pollinator is Chasselas, so both crops are planted next to each other. The average weight of a bunch reaches 180-200 grams. The berries contain 15% sugar and 6.7% acid.

Pearl Saba

Early grape variety Pearl Saba

The berries ripen in late July - early August. Productivity is high (over 8 kg per bush), stepchildren bear fruit abundantly. After planting the shanks, the plant bears fruit for 2-3 years. The ratio of sugar content (16%) and acidity (7.3%) is close to the ideal value. Possesses strong immunity, resists fungal diseases. Due to the shortage of planting material, reproduction by grafting is practiced.

Shasla white

Chassela grape white

It is one of the main ones, which is massively grown in the Krasnodar Territory. The plant enters the fruiting phase early (already in the 2nd year), the bush is formed of medium size, the immunity is strong, which can be traced in resistance to fungal diseases. The berry is distinguished by its high taste (sugar 15%, acid 6.7%) and good transportability.

Chaush

Chaush grape variety

An early ripe variety, found throughout the region, but in small quantities. The harvest is ready for harvest in the third decade of August. On tall bushes, large clusters are abundantly formed, the weight of which reaches 420-500 grams. Productivity depends on the quality of pollination, the best pollinator is Chasselas, so both crops are planted in close proximity. Indicators of sugar content - 14%, acidity - 6%.

Hungarian Muscat

Hungarian Muscat grape

The plant enters the fruiting phase in the 3rd year after planting of seedlings. Muscat bushes are medium-sized with actively developing vines. The honey flavor of the berries indicates a high sugar content (over 20%), with a relatively low acidity (6.5%). A bunch of medium size weighs up to 160-170 grams. It is intended for consumption of fresh berries and for processing into juices.

Senso

Senso grapes

The plant is native to France, has a high yield. More than 7 kg of berries are removed from the bush. The grapes reach ripeness by the second half of September. The berries are large in size, dark blue in color with a characteristic waxy coating. The taste harmoniously combines sugar content (18.3%) and acidity (7%). The mass of a bunch of medium size is 232 grams.

Crimea

An equally varied menu of grape varieties grown on the peninsula. The total number of varieties is close to a hundred. Favorable climatic conditions and soil fertility contribute to high yields. The lack of precipitation is compensated by the arrangement of the vineyards with a drip irrigation system. When planting plants, use the scheme: 3x1.5 m. The largest plantations are located in the foothill zone (Bakhchisarai district), steppe (near Simferopol), as well as in the suburbs of Yalta, Alushta, Sudak.

Among the fruitful ones, the following stand out:

Agadai

Agadai table grapes

A table variety originally from Dagestan, it is distinguished by a late ripening period. Harvesting begins no earlier than the 20th of September. The plant develops normally on soils with a high salt content. In addition to fresh consumption, the crop is used for canning and making juices.

Albiglio Crimean

Crimean Albillo grape

A medium-ripening plant native to Spain. Grown for winemaking. The yield is 7-9 kg per bush. The berry contains sugar 14%, acids 6.7%.

Italy

Grape variety Italy

Large grapes, collected in loose bunches, the average weight of which reaches 450 grams. Yellow-amber berries have a pleasant taste with a pronounced nutmeg note.

Cardinal

Cardinal grape

The berries ripen by the end of August. The bunch is formed loose with a lot of grapes, the average weight is 250-350 grams. The taste is not sugary, although the sugar content is at least 16-17%. Differs in resistance to fungal diseases and good transportability.

Citron Magaracha

Grape variety Citron Magaracha

An early ripening wine variety. The quality of taste and presentation makes the berry edible and fresh. The weight of a cylindrical brush reaches 400 grams. Sugar content is high (23%) with an acidity of 5-7%.

Sabbat

Sabbat grapes

The culture is grown for fresh consumption and the production of wine material. White berries ripen in late September - early October. Large bunches are hung up to 280 gr. Even after storage in the refrigerator for 5 months, the grapes do not lose their taste and marketability.

Astrakhan region

Astrakhan region is a promising area for growing grapes. This is facilitated by the hot climate and the presence of the Baer hillocks. The deep bedding of groundwater leaves more chances for plants to endure winter frosts.

An important factor is the absence of insects that pose a danger to vineyards.

Over the entire period of the existence of viticulture on an industrial scale, more than 300 varieties have been tested on the Bair hills. The highest results were noted with the cultivation of the following varieties.

Codryanka (white)

White Codryanka grape

The plant is of a medium late ripening period with a growing season of 130-140 days. Berries of greenish-yellow color have a rounded-oval shape, the weight of one reaches 10-12 grams. Average brush weight - 600-800 gr., but there are also giants weighing 1.2 kg. The shrub can easily tolerate frost down to -23 °. Codryanka is resistant to mildew and gray rot.

Delight

Bunch of grapes Delight

Early, with a vegetation period of 110-120 days. Differs in increased resistance to fungal diseases and mildew. Frost resistance (up to -25 °) allows you to endure severe winters under cover. The yield of Delight grapes is more than 9 kg per bush.

Radiant kishmish

Radiant kishmish

Pink grapes of medium early ripening period (vegetation 115-125 days). Advantages: high taste, market value, long shelf life. The weight of a bunch of medium size reaches 250-450 grams. The sugar content is 17-21%, the acidity is 6-7%.

Moskovsky

Moscow grape variety

The plant is early ripening, has an unusual taste, filled with nutmeg and pineapple aromas. The culture is resistant to low temperatures, fungal diseases. The bunch is small, the weight does not exceed 150 grams.

Vologodskaya Oblast

The climatic conditions of this region cannot be called ideal, but even there it is possible to grow grapes. Industrialists use frost-resistant varieties. Additionally, they are covered with a special material for wintering. Private gardeners have gotten used to planting cuttings in greenhouses. Recommended for the middle band:

• Laura - large green grapes have a pleasant taste, the bushes easily endure winter;
• Shunya - large-sized dark pink fruits ripen by the end of August, the plant is resistant to disease;
• Nadezhda Aksayskaya - ripens at the end of August, in taste and externally, the berry is similar to the Arcadia variety;
• Victoria - beautiful large clusters with sweet berries, high yield (at least 7 kg per bush);
• Phenomenon - ripens in mid-August, medium-sized berries are very sweet in taste .;
• Gala - very large fruits, formed into a loose bunch, are being tested in the region;
• Cherry - early ripening plant, medium-sized pink fruit with high sugar content.

Primorsky Krai

The weather conditions of the region do not allow the cultivation of any grape varieties, therefore, special breeding ones with frost resistance are selected. Among other things for the winter period, the bushes are covered with a special material to prevent freezing.

Adele

Adele grapes

Designed for growing under cover. The mass of a medium-sized brush reaches 600 grams. Berries are medium in size, dark blue color. The peculiarity of the variety is long-term storage, the grapes retain their presentation until the New Year holidays.

Far Eastern Novikov

Grape variety Far East Novikov

A universal variety of early ripening. Withstands frosts down to -28 °, but requires shelter for the winter period due to the climatic features of the Primorsky Territory. The bunch is small, weighing up to 250 grams, dark blue berries with an unusual but original taste.

Satellite

Grapes Satellite

The plant is early maturing with greenish-yellow grapes, the weight of which does not exceed 8 grams. The advantage of the variety is frost resistance (-30 °), however, shelter is required for wintering. The fruits contain 16% sugar content and 7-9% acidity.

Pink is not a covering

Grape variety Pink not covering

Early maturing table variety. The berries are very tasty (sugar 20%), but small. Bunch weight - 150-200 gr. The crop does not lose its presentation for a long period, even on the vine. Under proper conditions, it is stored until the New Year holidays.

Rostov region

The climate of the Rostov region is also suitable for growing the best varieties of grape selection. There is a sufficient amount of light, heat and moisture. However, to select a type (covering and not covering), you should visually divide the area into 2 parts, above and below Kamensk. Non-covering varieties are recommended for planting in the south.

Not everyone is aware of the fact that wines are produced in the region, which are a real competitor to French collection drinks. Popular varieties include:

• Valentine;
• Autumn black;
• Mascot;
• Arcadia;
• Somerset Sidliss et al.

Every year, vineyard owners practice updating the assortment of varieties, using proven varieties of grapes and the latest developments. New approach and application of innovative technologies allows you to increase the profitability of agricultural enterprises, bringing their achievements to the world level.

Subtleties of technology

Published in the newspaper "Light Mayakov"

The first part is here: class = »»> VA Rembe shared with our readers the intricacies of the technology of growing table grapes. Following his recommendations, you will always be with the harvest:

- People often ask me to give them a grape variety that does not need to be looked after. I am very surprised by this approach to business. When you grow vegetables in your garden, you take care of them, water them, treat them against diseases and pests, fertilize them, tie them up ... So grapes also require care. Just like that, without leaving, it will not bring you a good harvest, or it may simply die. Therefore, I will tell you what you need to do so that the grapes always delight you with their harvest.

Landing is a delicate matter

Where can I get good seedlings? It is easy to be deceived in the market, and it is expensive to prescribe seedlings in viticulture institutes.But you can find good seedlings from amateur or professional winegrowers for 200-250 rubles. You just need to see how a person cares for the grapes, whether he is sick, so that you, along with the seedling, do not bring yourself a disease. And grapes have enough diseases. This is anthracnose, oidium, mildew ...

How to plant grapes correctly? This is a delicate question. You have to approach it very carefully. A pit is dug using technology 70 by 70 cm, depth 80 cm. Someone makes drainage, puts gravel there, puts a pipe. But I am focusing more on power loading. This is the main point. I try to put more humus in the planting hole (manure that has been aged for at least three years, preferably 5-6 years), which contains all the substances necessary for the plant. It is best to use cow dung that has already rotted to a crumbly state. It will be enough for grapes for 5-7 years. To speed up the readiness of manure, you can use tools such as Baikal. I dilute one hundred grams of this substance into 10 liters of water. I spread manure in layers and spray it with Baikal solution. Then organic matter matures faster to the desired state.

It is generally necessary to use more organic fertilizers than chemistry, as this affects the taste of the grapes.

If you constantly apply complex fertilizers like Superphosphate, Ammofoska, potash fertilizers, then the grapes will not have a natural taste.

It will turn out to make a meter layer of humus - feel free to bring it in. This will give the grapes a supply of five years.

The first rule of planting is that a grape seedling must be planted in a hole 15-20 cm below ground level. This is done so that the root system of the plant overwinters well and does not freeze. If the root of the seedling is longer than 15-20 cm, it must be pruned to this distance.

The second point - when planting, put a tubercle in the middle of the hole, place the seedling on this tubercle so that the roots diverge evenly downward at an angle of 45 degrees. If the root bends and turns up, the plant will ache. This is a very important point. To prevent this from happening, slightly pull up the seedling covered with earth. The roots will spread out and fit in the way they need it.

After planting a seedling, it must be watered abundantly with water. If the planting is done in the spring, it is advisable to dilute some growth stimulant in water (MB-101, Heteroauxin, Kornevin, Zircon). When using drugs, you must carefully follow the instructions and watch so that its expiration date is not expired.

After planting, the seedling must be treated against fungal diseases at the stage when its buds are still dormant. Processing is carried out with a 3% solution of iron or copper sulfate (I prefer iron sulfate). Such processing of all grapes should be carried out in late autumn before the grapes are sheltered for the winter and in early spring, as soon as the grapes are opened. If the vine darkens from vitriol, this is not a problem.

If the plant is weak, feed it with zircon solution as resuscitation or support.

Formation of a young plant

Then the growth phase of the seedling begins. In the first year of growth, it is formed. Here you decide which system you choose: sleeve or fan.

If you want the whole plant to be at waist level, it was convenient to tie it up and harvest, the brushes were not hung high, you make a sleeve system.

To do this, form two central strong shoots at the seedling. These shoots will grow from May to late fall. Side stepchildren will grow on each internode. They need to be removed, but 2-3 leaves should be left for replacement. If there are many internodes on the plant, and you do not cut off the stepsons, then these two sleeves simply will not ripen, the plant will not properly prepare for wintering. If you remove the stepchildren in time, the plant will gain strength, the ripening of the cuttings will be good and the plant will endure the winter successfully.

The next year, you can already do the fanning of the grapes.But the types of formation are different and are applied individually to each plant.

Treatments for pests and diseases

The first treatment of grapes from diseases is carried out in the phase of 3-4 leaves with a shoot of 15-20 cm. I try to do the first treatment with Polyram. In my opinion, it is the most effective. You can also use Horus or Ridomil gold.

If after processing with Ridomil gold grapes can be eaten after 20 days, then after Polyram - after 60 days. Therefore, I work with this drug only at an early stage.

From mildew, Horus or Ridomil gold is used, from oidium - Topaz.

If you have treated the plant with Ridomil once, then be sure to apply Quadris next time.

To process grapes, you need to have three different preparations, which must be alternated so that there is no adaptation of diseases to them.

If the weather is rainy, then you need to carry out 10-12 grape treatments per sekhon. And if the weather is dry and stable - 5-7 treatments.

If you want to be always with the harvest, growers are advised to process the grapes every 10 days for prevention.

If you are treating grapes with superficial preparations, like the Bordeaux liquid, then keep in mind that it only acts on the place where it gets and is washed off by the rain.

The drugs that I have listed above are of systemic action, they are absorbed by the plant and last much longer.

As for pests, grapes have three main ones: Spider mite, Whitefly and Felt itch.

Other drugs are used for pests. The most suitable drug against them is BI-58. Actellik works well for spider mites. There is also Aktara and DI-68.

For the drug to work better and be absorbed by the plant, it must be dissolved in rainwater.

It is necessary to finish the treatment of grapes with drugs for the period specified in its instructions.

If the grapes get sick during the ripening of the crop, then it is not worth processing it, but you need to pick off the affected leaves so that the focus of the disease does not spread further.

If your plant is still only for the formation of sleeves, then it can be processed at any time.

Watering and feeding

The grapes do not like frequent watering. A young seedling needs to be watered once a week. In the 5-6th year, the root system of the plant develops very well, and it begins to actively extract water on its own. Its root goes up to 10 meters deep. Ideally, of course, the use of a drip irrigation system.

Plant feeding must be done according to the phases of its growth. It should be combined with watering.

Top dressing is best done in two types: root and leaf. Better to alternate - one week to do the root, the other - leaf. This is the best option for a plant.

If the plant is now in its growth phase, you can use double compound fertilizers that contain nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. Superphosphate, ammophoska - from cheap fertilizers. Good fertilizer Agromaster and the like, but they are more expensive.

Foliar top dressing is done by spraying from a sprayer. It is advisable to process the top and bottom of the sheet. I usually use Plantofol for this.

When the plant is mature and has an excess of nitrogen, I use Nutrivant, where nitrogen is absent.

Fertilizers used for foliar applications have an adhesive that prevents sediments from washing them into the ground.

Despite the many inorganic fertilizers, organic is an ideal means for feeding grapes. How to prepare and apply organic fertilizers?

Take a barrel, fill half of its volume with a rotted mullein and fill it with water. Stir and let it brew for ten days. The resulting solution should ferment well before use.

If the grapes are in the first phase of growth, they need to be fed with organic fertilizers in a ratio of 1 to 12, i.e. 1 liter of liquid for 12 liters of water. Fertilizing grapes with organics is done only with root.

As the plant grows, you increase the proportion to 1/10, 1/8 and 1/5. Grapes perfectly absorb organic fertilizers and feel great from them, if you do not violate the specified proportion. Overfeeding plants with fertilizers is also not worth it.

Various trace elements can also be used for the good development of grapes. A lot of them. For example, boron is used to improve the ovary of the crop. But all this is an additional waste of money. Plus, it is necessary to strictly observe the dosage and check the expiration dates of the drugs. I think that for amateurs, such means are not so important.

Care during growth

In the course of growth, grapes require careful care, like a child. This is a whole creation. Look, the escape has begun, this is an internode, a stepson will grow up here. Usually they are advised to completely remove them.

But I believe that 1-2 stepson's leaves should be left for replacement, so as not to disturb the kidney.

As you grow, you form the central shoot of the grape and keep it tied.

To retain moisture in the soil and attract worms, the ground under the grapes can be mulched with cut grass.

Tapestry for grapes

There are different types of grape trellis. I am using a two-blade design. What are its advantages? It allows you to plant plants in a checkerboard pattern. The sleeves are crossed. This allows for better sun exposure of the grapes.

The moment of wire tension is important. The first wire is stretched at a distance of 50-60 cm from the ground. The second row goes after 20 cm, the rest - after 30 cm. This simplifies the garter of the grapes and allows the opposite sleeves not to overlap.

For the bottom rows, I use a C-wire to support the load of ripe brushes.

After harvest

If you have harvested your crop, you need to continue to make sure that the plant does not get sick. Since you removed the berry, the plant can be safely treated with potent drugs. The better you prepare the plant for hibernation, the less it will be exposed to disease next year.

As for feeding, then before winter in the fall you need to apply potash fertilizers.

Organic fertilizers can be scattered in the fall and mixed with the soil with a walk-behind tractor.

Shelter for the winter

How to cover grapes for the winter? This is a very important point. This is very easy on my two-row system. In late October - early November we will prune. Pruning is done depending on how you plan to form the bush in the future: with a fan or sleeve system.

Those shoots are left that, preferably, have not yet borne fruit, so that the next year they give a good ovary. All unripe branches are removed.

How to cover a grape bush so that it overwinters well? If you press it hard to the ground, there is a great danger of contracting bacterial cancer. If you leave the bush open, moisture will get into it and in the frost the wood will burst and the buds will freeze.

The best option: prepare iron arcs, bend the vine and pin it with arcs so that the branches do not touch the ground. To keep the vine dry and breathing, you need to use a waterproofing film for shelter, which is used in the construction of the roof. Its advantages are that it allows the plant to breathe, but does not allow moisture to pass through. If you cover the grapes with ordinary plastic wrap, they can suffocate.

We pinned the bush, covered it from above with a film, the edges of which you cover with earth. The grape bush during the shelter for the winter must be dry. If the grapes are in a dry, ventilated place, they will withstand severe frost well. If it gets wet, the wood may burst from frost.

Before sheltering the grapes for the winter, I definitely do the treatment of the bush with 3% iron or copper sulfate from fungal diseases.

In the spring I try to open the grapes early, at the end of March, in order to process it with iron or copper sulfate until the buds swell.

Planting grape seedlings begins with the selection of the site. The yield of the bushes, longevity, sugar content of the berries will depend on this choice. In places where heat is insufficient, the vineyard grows best on a southern or southwestern slope, preferably on light soils. Place it on the middle of the slopes with a steepness of about 10 degrees.

In the southern regions, where there is enough heat, it is not necessary to plant grapes on the southern slope, unless these are muscat varieties that are used to make dessert wines. In this case, the grapes growing on the southern slope gain more sugar.

Protection from cold winds and dry winds is of great importance. In areas where there is not enough moisture in the soil, a site is chosen for planting grapes, taking into account the occurrence of groundwater at a depth of 1-2m. It is necessary to avoid planting a vineyard in closed hollows, where there is a danger of frost, as well as in areas with flooding.

In the conditions of the Krasnodar Territory and Ukraine, good champagne wine materials are obtained on the northern slopes, on humus-crushed stone, brown soils. These are the best conditions for varieties such as Black Pinot, Chardonnay. Traminer grows best on fertile soils of sloping valleys.

The Riesling variety succeeds better in the southern regions on the northern slopes with humus-calcareous soils. The Cabernet Sauvignon variety produces deeply colored wines when grown on mountain forest soils.

For cognac varieties, even and more humid areas are well suited; in such areas, grapes give high yields.

Table varieties grow well on light, fertile soils.

Before planting grape seedlings, all stones and stumps, if any, are removed from the site. It is advisable to loosen the earth to a depth of 80cm. Deep cultivation of the soil creates the best conditions for the development of roots where they will not suffer from frost. In addition, the nutrition of the grape bushes will improve, thanks to which fruiting will come earlier, the yield and its quality will increase.

In the conditions of a summer cottage or a personal plot, grape seedlings are often planted one at a time in separate holes. The pits are made 30-40 cm wide and deep, a mound of earth is poured into the middle and a seedling is placed, spreading the roots, on this mound.

It is best to get down to business thoroughly, because the grapes will grow in one place for many years. A good place for grapes is at the southern wall of the house, it will always be warm there, and the seedling will develop well.

In order for a powerful fruitful bush to grow from a seedling, a hole must be dug for planting at least 80 cm in width and depth. A thick layer of semi-rotted manure, sawdust, chopped cuttings of branches are laid at the bottom of the pit, and all this is mixed with a liter can of wood ash or 0.5 liters of lime. You can even add old plaster.

A layer of earth is poured on top, a mound is made and a seedling is placed on the mound. The pit is covered with earth, compacted and 1-2 buckets of water are poured into it. After planting, the seedling should be below the soil level. On top of it, you can sprinkle it with loose earth or wax the upper cut so that it does not dry out. From all these useful additives, powerful roots begin to grow at a depth that will not freeze in winter, the yield will be larger and the sugar content of the berries will also increase.

Planting grape seedlings it is a responsible business and if you follow all the planting rules, as well as choose a variety that is suitable in the area, then the grateful vine will reward all efforts with an excellent harvest.