The timing of planting vegetable crops in open ground in the Moscow region

At the summer cottage, a wedge is necessarily allocated for garden crops, the main part of which is vegetable. Each culture is distinguished by its biological characteristics, formed in the climate of the area of ​​origin. The main condition for the successful cultivation of vegetable crops in an environment unusual for them is the sowing period associated with the temperature of the soil and air, the brightness of lighting and the duration of daylight hours. The article proposes to get acquainted with the approximate timing of sowing the seeds of the main vegetable crops in open ground for regions with different climatic conditions.

Spring sowing of vegetables in open ground

Content:

• Soil temperature is the main indicator of the start of sowing
• Lighting is the second most important indicator of the start of sowing
• The timing of sowing vegetable crops in open ground
• Features of the selection of the timing of sowing vegetables in different regions
• Table 1. Sowing dates for the Southern region
• Table 2. Sowing dates for the Central Black Earth Region
• Table 3. Sowing dates for the Far East region
• Table 4. Sowing dates for Siberia and the Urals
• Table 5. Sowing dates for the North-West region
• Table 6. Sowing dates for the Central strip and the Moscow region

Soil temperature is the main indicator of the start of sowing

The indicator of the beginning of sowing is the temperature of the soil at the depth of occurrence of the bulk of the roots of a particular culture. Its change and the rate of warming up are influenced by snow cover, groundwater, soil type, and its moisture content. It is the heating of the soil in the root-inhabited layer that makes it possible to obtain an early harvest.

If you sow seeds in cold soil, then even cold-resistant crops can sprout, but they will not be able to form a crop. The roots in cold soil cannot function normally to ensure the conditions for the development of the aboveground mass.

To preserve the sowing, heat-loving crops are sown only when constant warm weather sets in without recurrent spring frosts. When they are threatened, the seedlings are covered with any covering material (spunbond, lutrasil), which is removed the next morning with the onset of warm weather. Sun heating of the covered bed can adversely affect seedlings and young seedlings.

Naturally, the sowing dates for the regions may not coincide in the numerical data of the spring-summer months. Therefore, the main reference point for the start of sowing in open ground in regions with a short warm period and early onset of cold weather will be soil temperature, light intensity and the establishment of a frost-free period.

In these regions, vegetables of southern origin are mainly grown through seedlings, the planting dates of which are presented in the article "The timing of sowing vegetable crops for seedlings for different regions."

A stable, recommended soil temperature for several days is a signal to start sowing. In order not to sow vegetables in cold soil, they use different methods to determine its temperature in the root layer.

Determination of soil temperature using thermometers

To do this, use the Savinov TM-5 elbow thermometers, exhaust thermometers and probe thermometers.

It is more convenient for novice gardeners to determine the temperature of the soil layer by layer with thermometers.Remember that they are used only in the warm period, and when the temperature drops at a depth of 5 cm to 0 ° C, they are dug up and removed into the room. The measurement procedure is specified in the recommendations.

Determination of soil temperature by plants

They take into account the state of the crown of trees, the aboveground mass of shrubs, the onset of flowering of perennial wild-growing grasses.

Take a note:

• Black currant buds have blossomed, vegetables and flower crops can be sown.
• The buds of the warty birch have unfolded, which means the soil at a depth of 5 cm warmed up well, it was time for sowing early greens, planting early potatoes. The leaves unfolded a little - it's time to sow radishes, carrots, and other root crops. Birch is preparing for flowering - the soil has warmed up to 10 cm depth. It's time to sow tomatoes in open ground.
• Dandelions bloom when the temperature in a 10 cm layer of soil warms up to + 6 ... + 8 ° С, and in a layer of 10-40 cm - only up to + 3 ° С.
• Bird cherry blossoms - it's time to plant potatoes.

Determination of soil temperature by the physical condition of the soil

This method is often used by experienced gardeners. A handful of earth is squeezed into a ball. If a liquid appears on the surface of the lump, it is too early to sow, and the lump is scattered, the early sows. Fell down, but scattered into lumps - you can start planting early cabbage and potatoes, salads, radishes.

Sowing vegetable seeds in early spring in open ground

In the complex of the main conditions, the next is light. It is regulated by a much wider list of requirements: sowing time, air temperature, standing density, timely thinning, destruction of tall weeds that shade plants.

Each type of plant normally grows and develops in natural conditions at a certain length of daylight hours.

For some crops, the length of daylight hours does not affect the germination and development of plants. Such crops can be sown almost during the entire warm season. Others react quite painfully to changes in lighting. Breeders, when developing new varieties, always accustom them to the climatic conditions of a certain area and, accordingly, recommend approximate sowing dates, which must be observed.

Cultural groups that react differently to lighting

Neutral. The cultures of this group practically do not react to the amount and period of received solar energy. These include peas, beans, some varieties of tomatoes and cucumbers, as well as watermelons, asparagus, and others. The list is constantly replenished by breeders who "instill" in new varieties and hybrids the ability not to respond to the length of daylight hours.

Short-day. In a shortened day (10-14 hours), plants bloom faster and proceed to fruiting. These are certain varieties and hybrids of tomatoes, beans, cucumbers. This group also includes other pumpkin (zucchini, pumpkin, squash), corn, sweet and bitter peppers, eggplants. The green group quickly turns to flowering (flowering) (dill, parsley, lettuce, spinach, sorrel, onions on a green feather).

Long-day. Plants of this group, with sufficient duration of illumination (more than 14 hours), move to the flowering and fruiting phase. This group of plants includes all types of cabbages, radishes, rutabagas, radishes, turnips of northern varieties, parsnips, carrots, vegetable peas, and beets. If long-day plants are created for a short day, using early seeding or darkening, their development will be inhibited. They will not be able to move to the flowering and fruiting phases. Stop at the formation of lush rosettes of greenery (vegetative organs).

Seedlings of vegetables sown in spring in open ground

Early spring crops (mid-March - mid-April)

This group of plants is made up of cultures with low and medium demand for light.Sowing early spring greens and vegetables can be done in stages, after 10-12-15 days, which will prolong the receipt of fresh produce.

The list of crops for sowing at a soil temperature of 7-10 cm layer within the range of + 3 ... + 5 ° С.

• Green (spicy) - dill, parsley, coriander, fennel, parsnip, mustard, celery, asparagus, lemon balm and others.
• Leafy vegetables and with aboveground crop formation - all types of salads, horseradish, spinach, rhubarb, peas, early cauliflower, broccoli, early maturing white cabbage.
• Bulbous and root vegetables - onion sets and black onions for feathers and onions, early carrots, radishes, radishes, turnips, rutabagas.

Mid-spring crops (mid-April - second decade of May)

If the spring is cold and wet, the sowing is postponed to a later date (5-8 days). Like cold-resistant crops, these crops can also be sown in stages, after 10-12-15 days, which will prolong the receipt of fresh produce.

When the soil warms up in the root layer from + 5 ° С, you can continue sowing some crops that are low and medium-demanding to the conditions of sun supply.

The list of crops for sowing at a soil temperature of 8-15 cm layer within + 5 ... + 8 ° С.

• Green - leaf celery, petiole, root, chicory salad.
• Vegetable - all types of cabbage: medium white cabbage, red cabbage, Brussels sprouts, Savoy, kohlrabi and others. Potatoes are planted early, medium, leeks, spring garlic. Sow onion sets and beans, beans. Closer to May, sugar corn and sunflowers are sown.
• Root crops: beets, medium carrots.

Late spring crops (last decade of May - mid-June)

Sowing vegetables in open ground is carried out in the third decade of May – June, when constant warm weather sets in without recurrent spring frosts. For example, in the central zone of Russia, Siberia, and the Urals, warm weather without frosts is established after June 10-15. The soil in the root layer warms up to + 12 ... + 15-17 ° С. That is, the open ground crops of even early cold-tolerant vegetable crops are shifted to the pre-summer or early summer.

In these regions, it is more expedient to use early varieties, necessarily zoned for the local climate, to use temporary shelters and growing vegetables in greenhouses in the autumn.

Heat-loving crops, which are sown at a soil temperature of 10-15 cm layer up to + 13 ... + 15-17 ° С

With the onset of a stable warm period, tomatoes, beans, melons (melons and watermelons), sunflowers, basil, marjoram, root crops (carrots, beets) are sown. Seedlings of nightshades (tomatoes, eggplants, sweet and bitter peppers) and pumpkin crops (cucumbers, zucchini, squash, pumpkin) are planted in open ground.

Thus, specialists have identified groups of plants that require a certain soil temperature, frost-free weather, the amount and duration of solar energy intake for germination and normal development.

Spring sowing of vegetable seeds in open ground

When choosing the timing of sowing vegetables on your site, it should be borne in mind that some short-day varieties need a factor of darkness, but only at the beginning of the growing season (at this time they are shaded). With age, they develop normally and form fruiting in long day conditions. If short-day plants are provided with a day length of more than 14 hours, then their development will slow down, and the vegetative mass will begin to develop vigorously. This property is used in green forcing to quickly obtain fresh greens and early vegetable products.

In cold regions, shifting the sowing of vegetable crops to an earlier date, it is necessary to use temporary shelters, prepare insulated beds.

The Far East has a special temperature regime.Vegetable growing is concentrated in the Amur Region, Primorsky and Khabarovsk Territories. A humid warm summer allows you to harvest fairly high yields of cold-resistant varieties of sweet peppers and melons bred specifically for this zone, as well as cabbage, carrots, which can be grown in open ground, sowing after June 15, that is, the crops will be pre-summer.

Green products of gingerbread vegetables grown in the open field are obtained only with summer crops. In these regions, it is more expedient to use early varieties, necessarily zoned for the local climate, to use temporary shelters and growing vegetables in greenhouses in the autumn.

Prepared tall beds for spring sowing of vegetable seeds Table 1. Sowing dates for the Southern region

Name of crops	Early spring sowing in open ground (March 15 - April 15)	Mid-spring crops in open ground (April 15 - May 20)	Late spring sowing in open ground (May 20 - June 15)
Dill, fennel, parsley, celery	1-25 March	–	June 5-15
Leaf salad	March 5 - April 15	April 15-May 10	–
Onions on a feather, onions on a turnip	March 10-30	from April 15	–
Cucumbers	–	April 10 - May 10	May 25 - June 15
Spring garlic	March 1-10	–	–
Potato	March 1 - April 10	from April 20 (medium ripening varieties)	–
Carrot	April 5-25;	April 15 - May 30	May 25 - June 10
Radish	March 15-30	–	–
Parsnip	April 5-10	April 20 - May 10	–
Peas	March 1-30	–	–
Sugar corn	–	April 20 - May 10	–
Beans	–	May 15-20	–
Beet	April 5-15	April 15-30	May 25 - June 10
Tomatoes	March 15-30	from April 15 (medium ripening varieties)	–
Eggplant, sweet and bitter peppers	–	April 15 - May 20	May 20-June 10
White cabbage	March 1-25 (varieties of early ripening). March 10-20 (varieties of medium ripening).	April 10 - May 20 (late ripening varieties)	–
Zucchini, squash	–	April 20 - May 10	–
Watermelons, melons	–	–	–

Table 2. Sowing dates for the Central Black Earth Region

Name of crops	Early spring sowing in open ground (March 15 - April 15)	Mid-spring crops in open ground (April 15 - May 20)	Late spring sowing in open ground (May 20 - June 15)
Dill, fennel, parsley, celery	1-25 March	April 15 - May 20	May 20 - June 15
Leaf salad	March 5 - April 15	April 20-30	May 20-30
Onions on a feather, onions on a turnip	March 10-30	April 20 - May 20	May 20 - June 15
Cucumbers	–	April 20 - May 20	May 20 - June 15
Spring garlic	March 1-10	May 11-20	May 25 - June 5
Potato	March 1 - April 10	May 20-15	May 11-20
Carrot	March 15-30, April 5-25;	April 25 - May 10	May 20-30
Radish	April 5-10	April 20-28	–
Parsnip	March 1-30	April 10 - May 1	–
Peas	April 5-15	April 20-30	April 20 - May 25
Sugar corn	–	April 20-30	May 20 - June 1
Beans	–	–	May 10-30
Beet	March 15-30	April 20 - May 10	May 20-30
Tomatoes	From April 15 (under cover)	April 25 - May 5	May 15 - June 15
Eggplant, sweet and bitter peppers	From April 15 (under cover)	April 15-25 (under cover). Track the weather from 20 May	May 20 - June 15
White cabbage	March 1-25 (varieties of early ripening). March 10-20 (medium ripening varieties)	May 20-30 (medium ripening varieties)	May 20-25 (medium and late ripening varieties)
Zucchini, squash	–	May 10-15	–
Watermelons, melons	–	May 10-15	–

Table 3. Sowing dates for the Far Eastern region

Name of crops	Early spring sowing in open ground (March 15 - April 15)	Mid-spring crops in open ground (April 15 - May 20)	Late spring sowing in open ground (May 20 - June 15)
Dill, fennel, parsley, celery	March 20-30. Re-sowing April 10-20	May 15-20	May 25 - June 10
Leaf salad	March 1-20. Re-sowing April 1-20	May 15-20	May 25 - June 15 (under cover)
Onions on a feather, onions on a turnip	April 25 - 10	May 15-20	May 25 - June 15 (under cover)
Cucumbers	–	May 15-20 (under cover in a warm bed)	from June 15
Spring garlic	April 10-15	April 15-30
Potato	April 1-15 (under cover). If the cold spring is April 10-15	from April 15 to May 20 (under cover)	from May 20 (early ripening varieties)
Carrot	March 20-30 (varieties of early ripening). April 10-20 (medium ripening varieties)	April 15 - May 20 (medium ripening varieties); you can continue sowing varieties of early ripening	from May 25 (varieties of late ripening). May 20-25 (sowing varieties of medium ripening)
Radish	March 20-30	from May 20 (under cover due to the lengthening of the day)	May 25 - June 15 (under cover)
Parsnip	March 20-30	–	–
Peas	March 15-April 15	from May 15 (under cover)	from June 15
Sugar corn	–	–	–
Beans	–	–	–
Beet	April 10-20	–	from May 25
Tomatoes	–	–	–
Eggplant, sweet and bitter peppers	–	–	–
White cabbage	–	May 15-20 (early ripening varieties for shelter)	from 20 May
Zucchini, squash	–	–	from June 15
Watermelons, melons	–	–	from June 15

Table 4. Sowing dates for Siberia and the Urals

Name of crops	Early spring sowing in open ground (March 15 - April 15)	Mid-spring crops in open ground (April 15 - May 20)	Late spring sowing in open ground (May 20 - June 15)
Dill, fennel, parsley, celery	–	April 20 - May 20	May 25 - June 15
Leaf salad	–	April 20 - May 20 (under cover)	June 1-15 (under cover)
Onions on a feather, onions on a turnip	–	from 20 May	June 1-15 (under cover)
Cucumbers	–	May 20 - June 10 (in warm beds or under a temporary shelter)	May 25 - June 15
Spring garlic	–	May 12-15	–
Potato	–	April 28 - May 10	May 10 - June 1
Carrot	–	April 25 - May 20	May 20 - June 10
Radish	–	–	May 25 - June 15 (under cover)
Parsnip	–	–	–
Peas	–	–	–
Sugar corn	–	–	–
Beans	–	–	–
Beet	–	May 15-30	May 15-30
Tomatoes	–	April 15 - May 5 (under cover)	–
Eggplant, sweet and bitter peppers	–	–	–
White cabbage	–	May 10-15 (early ripening varieties for shelter)	From June 1 (under cover)
Zucchini, squash	–	–	–
Watermelons, melons	–	–	–

Table 5. Sowing dates for the North-West region

Name of crops	Early spring sowing in open ground (March 15 - April 15)	Mid-spring crops in open ground (April 15 - May 20)	Late spring sowing in open ground (May 20 - June 15)
Dill, fennel, parsley, celery	–	May 15-25	May 25 - June 15
Leaf salad	–	May 15-20 (under cover)	June 1-15 (under cover)
Onions on a feather, onions on a turnip	–	May 15-20	June 1-15 (under cover)
Cucumbers	–	–	May 20 - June 10 (in warm beds or under a temporary shelter). June 15th - open ground
Spring garlic	–	–	–
Potato	–	April 28 - May 10 (early ripening varieties)	May 10 - June 1
Carrot	–	April 25 - May 20	May 20 - June 10
Radish	–	–	from May 25 (under cover)
Parsnip	–	–	–
Peas	–	–	–
Sugar corn	–	–	–
Beans	–	–	–
Beet	–	–	May 15-30
Tomatoes	–	April 15 - May 5 (under cover)	–
Eggplant, sweet and bitter peppers	–	–	–
White cabbage	–	May 10-15 (early ripening varieties for shelter)	From June 1 (under cover)
Zucchini, squash	–	–	–
Watermelons, melons	–	–	–

Table 6. Sowing dates for the Central strip and the Moscow region

Name of crops	Early spring sowing in open ground (March 15 - April 15)	Mid-spring crops in open ground (April 15 - May 20)	Late spring sowing in open ground (May 20 - June 15)
Dill, fennel, parsley, celery	–	May 1-10; (celery May 10-20)	May 15-30
Leaf salad	–	May 5-10	May 20-30
Onions on a feather, onions on a turnip	–	May 10-20	May 11-20
Cucumbers	–	May 10-20 (under cover)	May 20 - June 15 (under cover)
Spring garlic	–	May 10-20	May 11-20
Potato	–	May 10-20	May 15-25
Carrot	–	May 5-10	May 20 - June 10
Radish	–	May 1-10	from May 25 (under cover)
Parsnip	–	May 5-10	–
Peas	–	May 5-10	from 10 June
Sugar corn	–	May 8-15	–
Beans	–	May 8-15	from 10 June
Beet	–	May 5-10	May 15-30
Tomatoes	–	April 15 - May 5 (under cover)	–
Eggplant, sweet and bitter peppers	–	–	–
White cabbage	–	May 1-10 (early ripening varieties for shelter)	–
Zucchini, squash	–	May 15-20 (under cover)	May 20-30 - June 5-10
Watermelons, melons	–	–	–

Dear Reader! The article provides approximate data for sowing in open ground. Regardless of the region of the country, the main criterion for sowing dates is soil temperature, the onset of a frost-free period, and the intensity of sunlight. If you have other guidelines and approaches that justify themselves, write in the comments. This material is very interesting and necessary for readers.

Sowing dates of vegetables play an important role in obtaining high yields of these crops. The time of sowing or planting seedlings of vegetable crops is highly dependent on the geography of their cultivation. The further south the region is, the earlier you can plant vegetables in open ground.

In the northern regions, to get an early harvest, you have to grow seedlings indoors or use heated greenhouses.Only with the onset of warm weather, seedlings are transplanted into a garden or vegetable garden, in the open air.

Some vegetable crops have time to ripen even in the short northern summer, and even several crops can be grown during the season.

Particularly good results are achieved by gardeners who choose the right varieties for growing vegetables, giving preference to zoned crops.

Sowing dates of vegetables

The table below shows the planting and sowing times of the main vegetable crops. These terms are focused on central Russia and are taken on the basis of many years of vegetable growing practice.

Culture	Seedling age (days)	Sowing seeds		Duration of planting seedlings in the ground
		Term	A place
Early tomatoes when planting under film	60 — 70	March 15th	Room - windowsill	May 10 - 15
Tomatoes when planting without shelter	60 — 65	15 - 20 March	Warm greenhouse Room - windowsill	May 20 - June 1
Late ripening tomatoes	50	March 25 - April 1	On a bed under a double film	June 1 - 5
Cucumbers when planting seedlings under a film	20	April 15	Room - windowsill	May 10 - 15
Cucumbers when planting seedlings without shelter	20	May 15	Room - windowsill	June 7 - 10
Cucumbers when sowing seeds: dry - 1 term swollen - 2nd term without shelter		May 25 - June 1 June 1 - 5	To a permanent place - to the garden
Cauliflower, broccoli: 1st term - under film and without film	45- 50	10 - 15 March	Room, warm greenhouse	April 20 - May 5
2nd term	25 – 30	June 1 - 5	To the bed under the film	July 15
3rd term	25 – 30	June 15 - 20	Also	July 15 - 20
Early carrots		April 15 - 20	To the garden
Late carrots		April 25 - May 10
Beetroot - planting seedlings	25	9 april	On a bed under a double film	May 9 - 15
Beet - sowing seeds		May 9 - 12	To the garden
Parsley on leafy greens		April 20 - 25	Also
Root parsley for root crops, from which greens are grown on the windowsill in winter		April 25-May 5
Sowing root parsley before winter - to get early greens in April - May		June 1 - 10	To the garden
Planting parsley root vegetables			On the windowsill, in pots, boxes	1st term - October 1-10 2nd term - November 1 - 10 3rd term - December 1 - 10 4th term - January 1 - 10 5th term - February 1 - 10
Sowing with leaf and stalked celery seeds		May 1 - 10	To the garden
Zucchini, squash, pumpkin:
planting seedlings with shelter	25	April 15 - 20	In a warm greenhouse, a window-sill room, a bed under the film	May 15 - 20
sowing with seeds with cover	25	April 15 - 20	To the garden
sowing with seeds without shelter		June 1 - 10	To the garden
planting seedlings without shelter		June 5 - 10
Radish - sowing under film		9 april	A bed under a double film	April 22 - 24
Radish - by sowing seeds without shelter:
1st term		25th of April	To the garden
2nd term		May 10	Also
3rd term		May 25th	Also
4th term		June 10th	Also
5th term		July 25th	To the garden
6th term		August 10	Also
Dill - early sowing		April 10th
Sowing dill without shelter:
1st term		25th of April
2nd term		June 5th
3rd term		July 15
4th term		August 20

The timing of sowing vegetables in open ground cannot be an absolutely accurate value, especially now, when there are strong natural changes in the weather, and this must be taken into account when planting vegetable crops.

Video: Sowing dates for vegetables

Tomato (tomato)

Planting seeds - mid - end of March
Landing in open ground at the age of 55-70 days
(when the threat of frost passes)
In the presence of a greenhouse or greenhouse, seeds are planted early, grown with backlight
Eggplant

Sowing seeds - mid-March
Pick in the phase of two true leaves

Seedling picking is transplanting or transferring still young seedlings from a small pot where the seeds were sown into a large container filled with a new soil mixture

Disembarkation at the age of 60-70 days at the end of May
when the threat of frost has passed.
In cold weather (below 15 degrees), cover with spunbod (material for greenhouses and greenhouses).

Pepper

Planting seeds - early March
Landing in open ground at the age of 70-80 days (when the threat of frost has passed)
If there is a greenhouse or greenhouse, sowing can be shifted to mid-February, cultivation must be backlit

Cucumber

Sowing seedlings - end of April
Planting in the ground in the phase of 3-4 true leaves (one month old) in late May-early June, when the threat of frost has passed
If you have a greenhouse, you can plant seedlings one to three weeks earlier.

Broccoli. Cauliflower

Sowing seeds in mid-March
Planting in the ground at the age of 35-40 days
Planting seeds during the summer

Early cabbage

Sowing seeds in mid-March
Planting seedlings in the ground in mid-late May, up to 50 days

Mid-season cabbage

Sowing seeds at the end of April
Planting seedlings in the ground up to 40 days old at the end of May

Late cabbage

Sowing seeds - mid-April
Landing in the ground in mid-late May at the age of 35-40 days

Celery root

Sowing seeds - late February-early March
Pick in the phase of two true leaves (about 30-40th day)

Landing in the ground at the age of 60-80 days at the end of May (when the threat of frost has passed)

Onion

Sowing seeds - early March
Planting seedlings in the ground at the age of 50-60 days in early May

Pumpkin

Sowing seeds for seedlings - late April-early May
Planting in open ground in the phase of two or three true leaves (at the age of one month) at the end of May (when the threat of frost has passed)

Strawberry remontant

Sowing seeds - end of March-April
Pick in the phase of 1-2 true leaves (approximately 7-10th day)
Planting in open ground when the 6th true leaf appears (approximately 45-50 days).

Planting calendar and seedlings of garden crops

Culture	Sowing seedlings	Planting (or sowing) in open ground
Anise		25.4-15.5
Basil	15.3-10.4	10.5-10.6
Eggplant	10.2-15.3	5-25.5 (may need to cover)
Beans		10.4-15.5 (may need cover)
Swede	20.4-5.5	20.4-15.6 (grown in both seedling and non-seedling methods)
Peas		15.4-5.7 (provided that the soil warms up over 6 degrees)
Mustard leaf		10.4-10.8
Melon	1-15.4	10-30.5 (provided that the soil warms up over 15 degrees)
Strawberry	1.2-1.4	15.7-5.9
Zucchini, zucchini	25.4-15.5	20.5-10.6 (provided that the soil warms up over 11 degrees)
White cabbage early	1-15.3	15.4-10.5
Red cabbage	15.4-5.5	20.5-25.6
Late white cabbage	25.3-15.4	10-25.5
Broccoli	1.3-25.5	25.4 (may need cover) -30.6
Brussels sprouts	25.3-25.4	15.5-15.6
Kohlrabi cabbage	1.3-15.7	5.4 (may need to cover) -20.8
Kohlrabi cabbage for storage	20.5-10.6	20.6-10.7
Collard greens	10.5-30.6	10.6-30.7
Cauliflower	1.3-15.6	25.4 (may need cover) -25.7
Early potatoes		20-30.4 (provided that the soil warms up over 9 degrees)
Potato	1-10.4	8-20.5
Cilantro		20.4-10.8
Watercress		10.4 (may need to cover) -10.9
Bulb onions, from seeds	1-30.3	15.4-10.5
Onion		15.4-15.7 and up to 10.9
Leek	10.3-5.4	1-30.5
Shallot		from 15.4 (may be required) until October
Marjoram	20.3-10.4	15.5-15.6
Melissa	5.3-10.4	20.4-20.5
Early carrots		10.4 (may need to cover) - 5.8
Late carrots for storage		20.5-5.6
Peppermint	March	April (as well as autumn)
Cucumbers, greenhouse	5-30.4	1-25.5 (subject to soil warming up to 12 degrees)
Cucumbers, open ground	1-15.5	20.5 (you may need to cover: provided that the soil warms up over 12 degrees
Parsnip		10.4 (may need cover) -25.4
Squash	20.4-10.5	20.5-10.6 (provided that the soil warms up over 11 degrees)

Culture	Sowing seedlings	Planting (or sowing) in open ground
Bulgarian pepper	10.2-15.3	5-25.5
Parsley	March	April and (or) October
Rhubarb	10.4-10.5	1-15.9
Radish		10.4-25.5
Late radish for storage		25.7-10.8
Radish, spring-summer varieties		25.4-20.5
Radish, summer-autumn varieties		10.6-10.7
Turnip		20.4 (may need cover) -10.5
Turnip storage		5-20.7
Head salad	15.3-20.7	10.4 (may need to cover) -20.8
Leaf salad	15.3-20.7	10.4 (may need to cover) - 20.8
Beetroot	10-25.4	20.4 (may need to be covered; provided the soil warms up to 8 degrees) - 20.6
Beetroot storage		10-15.5
Celery rhizome	5-20.2	25.4-10.5
Leaf celery	1.3-15.4	1.5-10.6
Asparagus	25.2-10.6	1.5-10.7
Caraway		April or october
Early tomatoes	10-25.4	25.5-10.6
Pickled tomatoes		20.5-10.6
Jerusalem artichoke		April
Common pumpkin	5.5-25.5	25.5-15.6 (provided that the soil warms up over 11 degrees)
Pumpkin nutmeg	10-30.5	1-15.6 (provided that the soil warms up over 13 degrees)
Dill		1.4-31.7
Winter dill		15.10-30.11
Beans for grain	20.4-20.5	15.5-15.6
Beans tall, curly		20-30.5
Horseradish		April
Winter garlic		10.9-5.10 (provided that the soil warms up to + 4 degrees)
Spring garlic		17.4-15.5
Sorrel		April to July
Spinach	20-30.3	10.4 (may need cover) - 20.7
Endive	March	1-15.6
Tarragon	10.2-5.5	5.4-30.6

Various vegetable crops, due to their biological characteristics, need to comply with certain conditions for their cultivation. One of these conditions is the time of sowing seeds. Some crops, such as carrots, parsley, lettuce, radishes and some others, germinate at a soil temperature of 3-5 degrees, while others need a temperature of at least 12-15 degrees. In this article I will give sowing dates in open ground, which are optimal for different types of vegetable crops. If you grow vegetables by seedlings, then the optimal time for sowing seeds for seedlings, you can see in the article "How to calculate the timing of growing seedlings."

1. Early spring sowing date: April 25 - May 10

Sowing vegetable seeds can begin when the soil warms up to 3-5 degrees Celsius.

We plant: carrots, parsley, coriander, dill, radish, radish, turnip, parsnip, spinach, lettuce, mustard, watercress, peas, onion set;

and also - summer cauliflower, early maturing white cabbage, kohlrabi and early cauliflower, broccoli, rutabagas and horseradish.

2. Late spring planting of seeds:

May 11-20 - sowing vegetable seeds can be started when the soil warms up to 5 - 8 degrees Celsius.

We plant: potatoes, beans, beets, chicory, kohlrabi, mid-season white cabbage, Savoy, Brussels sprouts and red cabbage, celery, as well as leeks, onion sets, garlic cloves.

June 1 - June 10 - sowing vegetable seeds can be started when the soil warms up to 12-15 degrees Celsius.

We plant: basil, marjoram, cauliflower, tomatoes, pumpkin, cucumber, zucchini, squash, beans.

Important! If you are sowing seeds not in a film shelter, in a greenhouse, then at the end of April you can plant such cold-resistant crops as dill, lettuce, radish, spinach. In the same greenhouse, you can plant seeds of cabbage, beets, lettuce, rhubarb, asparagus, lemon balm on seedlings. You can read about how to make such a greenhouse for early sowing of seeds in the article "A small greenhouse near the south wall: a great way to increase the season for growing early greens".

You can also shift the planting dates for a number of crops if they are also planted in protected ground (in a greenhouse, greenhouse or under a temporary film shelter):

On May 15-20, we plant cucumber, zucchini, physalis, pumpkin, marjoram, beans in greenhouses.

May 25 - 30 - the date of planting seedlings of tomato, eggplant and pepper.

3. Summer term for sowing seeds:

from June 11 to August 10, when the soil temperature is more than 15 degrees.

You can sow seeds of radish, lettuce, dill, onions on a feather, spinach (until July 20) with an interval of 10-15 days.

Cauliflower should be planted for autumn consumption no later than July 15th.

June 10 - 20 - the optimal time for sowing winter radish and autumn turnip;

July 10-20 - daikon and kohlrabi for autumn storage.

The end of June - the beginning of July is another time for sowing carrot seeds; during summer planting, carrots grow, which are not damaged by a carrot fly and are well stored.

4. Winter sowing: July 10 - August 15.

Sowing seeds is carried out when the soil temperature is below 15 degrees Celsius.

Planting: sorrel, rhubarb, asparagus, perennial onions.

This sowing is carried out two to two and a half months before the onset of frost, with the expectation that the seeds will germinate, sprout, and in spring and summer it will be possible to harvest.

5. Winter sowing:

September 20 - October 15. Sowing seeds is carried out when the soil temperature is 3-6 degrees Celsius.

We plant: onion sets and turnips, garlic with chives.

November 5 - 20.Sowing seeds is carried out when the soil temperature is 2 - 3 degrees Celsius.

We plant: carrots, posters, dill, parsley, sorrel, turnips, rutabagas, beets, onions.

When sowing under winter, the seeds do not germinate in the fall, in the spring they give early shoots.

6. Winter sowing: December - February.

In the frozen soil, in the grooves prepared in advance from the fall, you can sow all the crops that are in the late winter sowing. The seed grooves are sprinkled with peat or prepared soil.

Important! Winter and winter crops should not be covered with foil.

Note:

The time of sowing seeds is given for the conditions of Belarus and the Moscow region. If you live in areas with a warmer climate, then be guided by the soil temperature data. It can be measured with a special thermometer, or with an ordinary street thermometer: place it in a hole at a depth of 10 cm, and after half an hour - look at the value.